A Novel Design of Octal-Valued Logic Full Adder Using Light Color State Model

Due to the demand of high computational speed for processing big data that requires complex data manipulations in a timely manner, the need for extending classical logic to construct new multi-valued optical models becomes a challenging and promising research area. This paper establishes a novel octal-valued logic design model with new optical gates construction based on the hypothesis of Light Color State Model to provide an efficient solution to the limitations of computational processing inherent in the electronics computing. We provide new mathematical definitions for both of the binary OR function and the PLUS operation in multi valued logic that is used as the basis of novel construction for the optical full adder model. Four case studies were used to assure the validity of the proposed adder. These cases proved that the proposed optical 8-valued logic models provide significantly more information to be packed within a single bit and therefore the abilities of data representation and processing is increased.     

A Novel Optimized Language-Independent Text Summarization Technique

A substantial amount of textual data is present electronically in several languages. These texts directed the gear to information redundancy. It is essential to remove this redundancy and decrease the reading time of these data. Therefore, we need a computerized text summarization technique to extract relevant information from group of text documents with correlated subjects. This paper proposes a language-independent extractive summarization technique. The proposed technique presents a clustering-based optimization technique. The clustering technique determines the main subjects of the text, while the proposed optimization technique minimizes redundancy, and maximizes significance. Experiments are devised and evaluated using BillSum dataset for the English language, MLSUM for German and Russian and Mawdoo3 for the Arabic language. The experiments are evaluated using ROUGE metrics. The results showed the effectiveness of the proposed technique compared to other language-dependent and language-independent summarization techniques. Our technique achieved better ROUGE metrics for all the utilized datasets. The technique accomplished an F-measure of 41.9% for Rouge-1, 18.7% for Rouge-2, 39.4% for Rouge-3, and 16.8% for Rouge-4 on average for all the dataset using all three objectives. Our system also exhibited an improvement of 26.6%, 35.5%, 34.65%, and 31.54% w.r.t. The recent model contributed in the summarization of BillSum in terms of ROUGE metric evaluation. Our model’s performance is higher than the compared models, especially in the metric results of ROUGE_2 which is bi-gram matching.     

Experimental and numerical assessment of using coconut oil as a phase-change material for unconditioned buildings

The efficacy of integrating organic coconut oil (co-oil) phase-change material (PCM) into an unconditioned building with a lightweight envelope is explored experimentally and numerically for heat gain reduction. In what we think is the first test of its kind for co-oil PCM, twin side-by-side single-room buildings (with and without PCM) are constructed and studied experimentally under ambient weather conditions. The effects of the co-oil on the thermal performance of the buildings are investigated with respect to the window orientation (east, west, north and south). Furthermore, numerical simulation of the buildings is carried out to evaluate the contribution of the co-oil to their thermal performance and to determine the effect of the co-oil layer thickness on the heat storage capacity. Moreover, by employing a simplified heat transfer analysis, an approximate relation for the optimal thickness of co-oil PCM layer is developed. Experimental and numerical results show that co-oil PCM can be a promising solution to improve the indoor thermal environment. It is found that with a south-facing window equipped with co-oil PCM, the indoor temperature is lowered by 23.8% compared to the case without PCM, when an optimal PCM layer of ~4 cm in thickness is embedded in the wall.     

Algae as a sustainable energy source for biofuel production in Iran: A case study

Algae can be converted directly into energy, such as biodiesel, bioethanol and biomethanol and therefore can be a source of renewable energy. There is a growing interest for biodiesel production from algae because of its higher yield non-edible oil production and its fast growth that does not compete for land with food production. About 50% of algae weight is oil that this lipid oil can be used to make biodiesel. Algae is capable of yielding 30 times more oil per acre than the crops currently used in biodiesel production. Processes for biodiesel production from algae-oil are similar to food and non-food crops derived biodiesel processes. Because of disadvantages of fossil fuels, renewable energy sources are getting importance for sustainable energy development and environmental protection. Among the renewable sources, Iran has high biofuel energy potential. The Iranian government is considerable attention to the utilization of renewable energy, especially biofuels. Iran has enough land in order to algae cultivation that does not compete with food production. A salt lake (Lake Orumieh) in Iran's West Azarbaijan province, Maharlu salt lake in Iran's Fars province, Qom salt lake in Iran's Qom province have given rise to a new species of algae for biofuel. Algae are frequent in the shallow-marine lime stones in Zagros Mountains in north of Fars province. Greenish blooms of algae can be seen in the Persian Gulf and Caspian Sea, south and north of Iran respectively. This study presents a brief introduction to the resource, status and prospect of algae as a sustainable energy source for biodiesel production in Iran. The main advantages of using algae for biodiesel production in Iran are described.     

Optimisation of sunflower oil deodorising: balance between oil stability and other quality attributes

The effect of deodorising on basic quality attributes of sunflower oil (free fatty acids, colour, oil stability, total tocopherols) was investigated. The results revealed that the levels of all these quality attributes decreased significantly during the deodorising step. The processing parameters of sunflower oil deodorisation were optimised using response surface methodology. The results revealed the effects of process parameters (temperature, time) on free fatty acids (FFA), colour (LCY and LCR), oil stability index (OSI) and total tocopherols (VE). These new models can be used as a tool to identify optimum deodorisation conditions within chosen constraints. Based on the optimisation of high oil stability with minimum retained FFA and colour, deodorisation parameters can be defined. At a constant vacuum, 3 mmHg vacuum, a temperature range of 200–250 °C and deodorisation time of 30–90 min were defined. An optimum temperature and time appear to be 218–224 °C and 59–64 min, respectively.     

ROBUST FITTING OF INARCH MODELS

We discuss robust M‐estimation of INARCH models for count time series. These models assume the observation at each point in time to follow a Poisson distribution conditionally on the past, with the conditional mean being a linear function of previous observations. This simple linear structure allows us to transfer M‐estimators for autoregressive models to this situation, with some simplifications being possible because the conditional variance given the past equals the conditional mean. We investigate the performance of the resulting generalized M‐estimators using simulations. The usefulness of the proposed methods is illustrated by real data examples.     

The impact of changing solar screen rotation angle and its opening aspect ratios on Daylight Availability in residential desert buildings

In desert sunny clear-sky regions solar penetration can become excessive. This can cause non-uniform daylight distribution, glare and high solar heat gain, affecting both visual and thermal comfort. Shading devices, such as solar screens, were usually used to diffuse and prevent direct solar penetration into spaces. This paper investigates the impact of changing solar screen axial rotation angle and screen opening aspect ratio on daylighting performance in a typical residential living room space under the desert sunny clear-sky. The larger aim is to arrive at efficient solar screen designs that suit the different orientations.The study was divided into three consecutive phases. In phase one, the effect of the two parameters on Daylight Availability was tested. The solar screen was axially rotated by three different angles at 10° increments. Also, the aspect ratio of the screen opening in both horizontal and vertical directions was changed systematically. Simulation was conducted using the annual Daylight Dynamic Performance Metrics (DDPMs). In phase two, the Annual Daylight Glare Probability (DGP) metric was evaluated for the cases that were found adequate in phase one. In the third phase, the annual solar energy transmittance through the screen was calculated for the cases that achieved acceptable performance in the two previous phases in order to identify the more energy efficient screens.Solar screens with openings having horizontal aspect ratios were found to be the most effective, while those with vertical aspect ratios were achieved the lowest performance. In the North orientation, since almost all the cases that were tested in this research provided acceptable daylighting performance, the designer now have a variety of options to choose from. Preference should be given to screen openings of horizontal aspect ratios, especially the 12:1 and 18:1 (H:V) screens that achieved the best performance where 92% of the space was “daylit” in comparison with only 53% of the base case. In the East orientation, it is advisable to use the 12:1 (H:V) screen opening ratio, as it was found acceptable in the two daylighting testing phases and achieved the best performance in regards to annual transmittance of solar radiation. For the South orientation, there were also many acceptable choices. However, the 3:1 screen aspect ratio is recommended as it assists in saving energy by reducing the annual transmitted solar radiation (60% reduction) while achieving acceptable daylighting performance.     

Factors controlling the compressive strength and acoustic properties of shales when interacting with water-based fluids

This paper investigates the impact of water-based fluids on the compressive strengths and acoustic velocities of different types of shales. The acoustic velocity (or slowness) and compressive strength of a soft, high water activity, Pierre I shale increase after exposure to different ionic solutions, while for the lower water activity Arco shale, the converse is true. A new gravimetric test that quantitatively determines the flux of water and ions into and out of the shale is utilized to show that changes in compressive strengths and acoustic velocities of shales correlate well with the movement of ions and water into the shale. The results showed that water adsorption weakened, while ion adsorption strengthened the shale.In addition, this study investigated the influence of salt type and salt concentration on the strength and acoustic velocity (slowness) of shales. It was observed that the ionic content of the water-based fluid had a significant effect on the changes in shale properties. These changes in acoustic velocity and compressive strength were found to be highly correlated. This suggests that it may be feasible to use acoustic logging data to determine changes in the mechanical properties of shale.Finally, a 3-D wellbore stability analysis program was used to demonstrate the impact of the reported changes of the mechanical properties of shale on wellbore stability.