Nichtst?rke-Polysaccharide des Kakaos

Zusammenfassung Die Nichtstärke-Polysaccharide (NSP) der Kakaobohne wurden nach ihrer Löslichkeit in Wasser und Natronlauge steigender Konzentration fraktioniert. Die Fraktionen wurden durch das Muster der Zuckerbausteine nach Hydrolyse bzw. Methanolyse charakterisiert und gelchromatographisch aufgetrennt. Im Verlauf der Kakaoverarbeitung waren nennenswerte Veränderungen nur beim Alkalisieren des Kakaopulvers zu beobachten. Die Meßwerte für die wasserlöslichen Kakao-NSP können bei der Analyse der Dickungsmittel in Kakaoerzeugnissen berücksichtigt werden.

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Non-starch polysaccharides of cocoa

The non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) of the cocoa bean were fractionated according to their solubility in water and in solutions of increasing alkalinity. In these fractions, the monosaccharide patterns after hydrolysis or methanolysis and the molecular mass distributions were determined. During cocoa processing, distinct changes in the NSP composition were observed only for the solubilisation of cocoa powder by alkaline treatment. The results obtained for the water-soluble cocoa NSP may be considered as blank values for the analysis of thickeners and gums in cocoa products.

     

Disulphide bonds in wheat gluten: further cystine peptides from high molecular weight (HMW) and low molecular weight (LMW) subunits of glutenin and from γ-gliadins

Glutenin was prepared from gluten of the wheat variety Rektor by extraction of gliadin with aqueous ethanol. It was cleaved successively into soluble peptides by the enzymes trypsin and thermolysin. Separation of the peptide mixtures was performed by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) on Sephadex G25 and reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) on ODS-Hypersil. Cystine peptides were detected by differential chromatography of the samples prior to and after reduction. After isolation by multi-step RP-HPLC, the cystine peptides were reduced. The resulting cysteine peptides were alkylated with 4-vinylpyridine, separated by RP-HPLC and sequenced by means of the Edman degradation. The isolated cystine peptides represented a considerable portion of the total cysteine in glutenin: four out of seven cysteine residues of HMW subunits, and eight out of nine cysteine residues of LMW subunits are documented by at least one cystine peptide. Most of the peptides corresponded to known sequences of gluten protein components. From the structures of some tryptic peptides, inter- and intramolecular disulphide bonds for HMW subunits of glutenin have been proven. Cystine peptides from the thermolytic digest have been assigned to LMW subunits of glutenin and toγ-gliadins. Other peptides have been closely related to partial sequences of these protein components. The results have allowed several conclusions about the arrangement of intra- and intermolecular disulphide bridges in gluten proteins.     

Simulations and experiments on a 12 kW direct driven PM synchronous generator for wind power

A direct driven permanent magnet (PM) synchronous generator has been designed and constructed and results from the first experimental tests are presented. The generator has been designed using the finite element method (FEM) and dynamic simulations have been performed to study the generator. The simulations are performed by using an electromagnetic model, which is described by a combined field and circuit equation model and is solved in a finite element environment. The stator winding of the generator consists of circular cables and the rotor has surface mounted, arched PMs. A complete experimental setup has been constructed consisting of a motor, a frequency converter, a gearbox and electrical loads. Oscilloscopes are used to measure the voltage and the current for each phase. Measurements have been performed for both full load and no load at rated speed. The harmonic content of the voltage is analyzed and compared to results from simulations. Furthermore, the generated electric power has been calculated from knowing the voltage and current and is compared to the simulated power. The agreement between experimental results and results from simulations based on finite element calculations is very high, especially considering harmonics. Several sources of error are suggested that could cause the small differences between the simulated results and the measured data for the constructed generator.     

Multicomponent Physical Vapor Deposited Films with Homogeneous Molecular Material Distribution Featuring Improved Resist Sensitivity

Each film preparation technique affects the physical properties of the resulting coating and thus defines its applicability in modern device construction. In this context solvent based spin coated and solvent‐free physical vapor deposited molecular glass photoresist films are systematically investigated for their dissolution behavior, sensitivity, and overall lithographic performance. These investigations demonstrate that the solvent‐free physical vapor deposition leads to a marked increase in sensitivity. This could be explained by the individual molecule by molecule deposition step producing a more homogeneous distribution of the multicomponent resist system, especially the photoacid generator. In addition, this assumption is supported by former published simulations focusing on aggregate formation within thin films. This work demonstrates that the lithographic sensitivity of multicomponent resist system is an intrinsic parameter to investigate molecular material distribution and indicates that the applied film preparation technique is crucial for the corresponding performance and applicability.     

Gallium gradients in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin‐film solar cells

The gallium gradient in Cu(In,Ga)Se₂ (CIGS) layers, which forms during the two industrially relevant deposition routes, the sequential and co‐evaporation processes, plays a key role in the device performance of CIGS thin‐film modules. In this contribution, we present a comprehensive study on the formation, nature, and consequences of gallium gradients in CIGS solar cells. The formation of gallium gradients is analyzed in real time during a rapid selenization process by in situ X‐ray measurements. In addition, the gallium grading of a CIGS layer grown with an in‐line co‐evaporation process is analyzed by means of depth profiling with mass spectrometry. This gallium gradient of a real solar cell served as input data for device simulations. Depth‐dependent occurrence of lateral inhomogeneities on the µm scale in CIGS deposited by the co‐evaporation process was investigated by highly spatially resolved luminescence measurements on etched CIGS samples, which revealed a dependence of the optical bandgap, the quasi‐Fermi level splitting, transition levels, and the vertical gallium gradient. Transmission electron microscopy analyses of CIGS cross‐sections point to a difference in gallium content in the near surface region of neighboring grains. Migration barriers for a copper‐vacancy‐mediated indium and gallium diffusion in CuInSe₂ and CuGaSe₂ were calculated using density functional theory. The migration barrier for the In_Cu antisite in CuGaSe₂ is significantly lower compared with the Ga_Cu antisite in CuInSe₂, which is in accordance with the experimentally observed Ga gradients in CIGS layers grown by co‐evaporation and selenization processes. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Detection of skin cancer by classification of Raman spectra

Skin lesion classification based on in vitro Raman spectroscopy is approached using a nonlinear neural network classifier. The classification framework is probabilistic and highly automated. The framework includes a feature extraction for Raman spectra and a fully adaptive and robust feedforward neural network classifier. Moreover, classification rules learned by the neural network may be extracted and evaluated for reproducibility, making it possible to explain the class assignment. The classification performance for the present data set, involving 222 cases and five lesion types, was 80.5%+/-5.3% correct classification of malignant melanoma, which is similar to that of trained dermatologists based on visual inspection. The skin cancer basal cell carcinoma has a classification rate of 95.8%+/-2.7%, which is excellent. The overall classification rate of skin lesions is 94.8%+/-3.0%. Spectral regions, which are important for network classification, are demonstrated to reproduce. Small distinctive bands in the spectrum, corresponding to specific lipids and proteins, are shown to hold the discriminating information which the network uses to diagnose skin lesions.     

Scan Test Strategy for Asynchronous-Synchronous Interfaces

In the coming years, the well-known synchronous design style will not be able to keep pace with the increase speed and capabilities of integration of advanced processes. New design paradigms, like core reuse of the already designed synchronous modules and asynchronous designs, are considered in order to cope with the ever increasing complexity. The future SoCs will contain multiple synchronous and asynchronous cores. Asynchronous design will become more and more common among digital designers, while synchronous-asynchronous interactions will emerge as a key issue in the future SoC designs.This paper will present test strategies for 2-phase asynchronous-synchronous interfaces and vice versa. It will be shown how test vectors can be automatically generated using commercially available ATPG tools. The generated ATPG vectors will be able to test all stuck-at-faults within the asynchronous-synchronous interfaces.     

Synchronous Full-Scan for Asynchronous Handshake Circuits

Handshake circuits form a special class of asynchronous circuits that has enabled the industrial exploitation of the asynchronous potential such as low power, low electromagnetic emission, and increased cryptographic security. In this paper we present a test solution for handshake circuits that brings synchronous test-quality to asynchronous circuits. We add a synchronous mode of operation to handshake circuits that allows full controllability and observability during test. This technique is demonstrated on some industrial examples and gives over 99% stuck-at fault coverage, using test-pattern generators developed for synchronous circuits. The paper describes how such a full-scan mode can be achieved, including an approach to minimize the number of dummy latches in case latches are used in the data path of the handshake circuit.     

Time‐resolved investigation of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 growth and Ga gradient formation during fast selenisation of metallic precursors

Ga segregation at the backside of Cu(In,Ga)Se₂ solar cell absorbers is a commonly observed phenomenon for a large variety of sequential fabrication processes. Here, we investigate the correlation between Se incorporation, phase formation and Ga segregation during fast selenisation of Cu–In–Ga precursor films in elemental selenium vapour. Se incorporation and phase formation are analysed by real‐time synchrotron‐based X‐ray diffraction and fluorescence analysis. Correlations between phase formation and depth distributions are gained by interrupting the process at several points and by subsequent ex situ cross‐sectional electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The presented results reveal that the main share of Se incorporation takes place within a few seconds during formation of In–Se at the top part of the film, accompanied by outdiffusion of In out of a ternary Cu–In–Ga phase. Surprisingly, CuInSe₂ starts to form at the surface on top of the In–Se layer, leading to an intermediate double graded Cu depth distribution. The remaining Ga‐rich metal phase at the back is finally selenised by indiffusion of Se. On the basis of a proposed growth model, we discuss possible strategies and limitations for the avoidance of Ga segregation during fast selenisation of metallic precursors. Solar cells made from samples selenised with a total annealing time of 6.5 min reached conversion efficiencies of up to 14.2 % (total area, without anti‐reflective coating). The evolution of the Cu(In,Ga)Se₂ diffraction signals reveals that the minimum process time for high‐quality Cu(In,Ga)Se₂ absorbers is limited by cation ordering rather than Se incorporation. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.