Demonstration of the monolithic interconnection on CIS solar cells by picosecond laser structuring on 30 by 30 cm2 modules

In this paper, we present the selective structuring of all three patterns (P1, P2 and P3) of a monolithic interconnection of CIS (Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)₂) thin film solar cells by picosecond laser pulses at a wavelength of 1064 nm. We show results for single pulse ablation threshold values and line scribing of molybdenum films on glass (P1), CIS on molybdenum (P2) and zinc oxide on CIS (P3). The purposes of these processes are the p‐type isolation (P1), cell interconnect (P2) and n‐type isolation (P3), which are required for complete cell architecture. The half micron thick molybdenum back electrode can be structured with a process speed of more than 15 m/s at about 15 W average power without detectable residues and damage by direct induced laser ablation from the back side (P1). The CIS layer can be structured selectively down to the molybdenum at process speeds up to 1 m/s at about 15 W average power, due to the precision of direct laser ablation in the ultrashort pulse regime (P2). The ZnO front electrode layer is separated by clean trenches with straight side walls at process speeds of up to 15 m/s at about 10 W average power, as a result of indirect induced laser ablation (P3). A validation of functionality of all processes is demonstrated on CIS solar cell modules (30 × 30 cm²). By replacing one state‐of‐the‐art process by a picosecond laser process at a time, solar efficiencies could be increased for P1 and P2 and stayed on a similar level for P3. After an optimization of the patterning processes in the R&D pilot line of AVANCIS, we achieved a new record efficiency for an all‐laser‐patterned CIS solar module: 14.7% as best value for the aperture area efficiency of a 30 × 30 cm² sized CIS module was reached. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Über die Reaktionen von Benzimidazol-2-carbonsäurehydrazid mit Elektrophilen

About the Reactions of Benzimidazole-2-carbohydrazide with Electrophilic Compounds Benzimidazole-2-carbohydrazide ( 1 ) reacts with aldehydes and ketones to form N-alkylidene-benzimidazole-2-carbohydrazides( 2a–j ). With carbon disulfide, diphenyl carbonate and cyanates, ring closure takes place to afford 1,2,4-triazines and 1,3,4-oxadiazoles. Attempts to synthezise 2-isocyanato-benzimidazole failed. ¹H-n.m.r. and ¹³C-n.m.r. spectroscopic data of the compounds are given.     

轧染时的直接上染性(第2部分):还原性染料、硫化还原性染料

第1部分介绍了浸轧染色的印花头梢色差和宽度上染色印疵的形成原因.第2部分以实验经验,说明使用水不溶性染料产生的染色问题.     

Acylierung von Heterocyclen mit Kohlensäurederivaten. I. Kinetik und Mechanismus der Reaktion von 2-Aminobenzimidazolen mit Arylcyanaten

Acylation of Heterocycles with Carbonic Acid Derivatives. I. Kinetics and Mechanism of the Reaction of 2-Aminobenzimidazoles with Aryl Cyanates The second order rate constants for the reaction of 2-amino-benzimidazoles (2-ABI) with aryl cyanates forming 2-amino-benzimidazole aryl ester imide 3 have been determined in dependence on substituent effects by u. v. measurements. The results are interpreted by a six-membered cyclic transition state in which the electrophilic attack of the cyanate on the endocyclic N atom is catalyzed by an H bridge interaction of the exocyclic amino group of 2-ABI with the OCN group.     

Acylwanderungen am 3(5)-Amino-pyrazol

Acyl Migrations on 3(5)-Amino-pyrazole 3(5)-Amino-pyrazole 1 form 3 isomeric monoacylation products, 4 diacylation products and 3 triacylation products by reaction with electrophiles like cyanates, isocyanates or carboxylic and chlorides, respectively. Acyl migrations are observed depending on the reaction temperature and the structure of the acyl residue. The structures of the acyl derivatives of 3(5)-amino-pyrazole were characterized by nmr-spectroscopy.     

Synthesis and reactivity of 4-chloro-3,3,4-trifluoro-methoxycarbonyl cyclobutene (CTMC)

An improved synthesis of CTMC is described. This cyclobutene is thermally stable towards electrocyclic ring opening. Its reactivity is explored and a number of radical adducts are described. A more complicated picture is observed with various nucleophiles. The strong dienophilic character of CTMC is illustrated by numerous examples. CTMC reacts well as a dipolarophile with diphenylnitrone, diphenylnitrilimine and diazoalkanes. The high reactivity of this cyclobutene is due to its inherent polarity and strain.     

Studies on the base-catalyzed Solvolysis of Propane-2-sulphonic Acid p-Cresylester

Products of the reaction of propane-2-sulphonic acid p-cresylester with sodium butoxide in butanol are the sodium salt of propan-2-sulphonic acid, di-n-butyl ether, p-cresyl-n-butyl ether and p-cresol. The reaction proceeds via propane-2-sulphonic acid n-butylester which is formed from the starting compound by an elimination-addition (sulphene) mechanism. The elimination step is an E1-cB reaction.     

Improved thin film stability of differently formulated,printed, and crosslinked polymer layers against successive solvent printing

Interface control remains a top challenge of solution-processed organic light emitting diodes (OLED) stacks since the device performance heavily relies on it. Film stability of an inkjet deposited and crosslinked layer against subsequent exposure to a suitable inkjet printed solvent has been investigated. Impact of processing solvent (solvent used to prepare the polymer layer) on solution-cast thin film properties has already been shown for polymer films. To our knowledge, this study is the first one analyzing thin films stability against solvent exposure using technology relevant materials processed via inkjet printing (IJP). The outcome of this research showed that the stability of the crosslinked films is affected by the solvent used for ink formulation. These findings are of great interest for multilayered semiconductors devices, such as OLEDs, field-effect transistors and dye-sensitized solar cells. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to quantify the efficiency of the polymer crosslinking reaction in pure powder and in thin films, as processed from different solvents. Crosslinking efficiency measured by DSC correlated well with the deformation induced by the solvent and observed on layer surfaces. The interaction in solution between polymer and solvent has also been evaluated to explain its impact on thin film stability against successive solvent printing. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020 , 137, 48895.     

Chemical kinetic study of a novel lignocellulosic biofuel: Di-n-butyl ether oxidation in a laminar flow reactor and flames

The combustion characteristics of promising alternative fuels have been studied extensively in the recent years. Nevertheless, the pyrolysis and oxidation kinetics for many oxygenated fuels are not well characterized compared to those of hydrocarbons. In the present investigation, the first chemical kinetic study of a long-chain linear symmetric ether, di-n-butyl ether (DBE), is presented and a detailed reaction model is developed. DBE has been identified recently as a candidate biofuel produced from lignocellulosic biomass. The model includes both high temperature and low temperature reaction pathways with reaction rates generated using appropriate rate rules. In addition, experimental studies on fundamental combustion characteristics, such as ignition delay times and laminar flame speeds have been performed. A laminar flow reactor was used to determine the ignition delay times of lean and stoichiometric DBE/air mixtures. The laminar flame speeds of DBE/air mixtures were measured in the stagnation flame configuration for a wide rage of equivalence ratios at atmospheric pressure and an unburned reactant temperature of 373 K. All experimental data were modeled using the present kinetic model. The agreement between measured and computed results is satisfactory, and the model was used to elucidate the oxidation pathways of DBE. The dissociation of keto-hydroperoxides, leading to radical chain branching was found to dominate the ignition of DBE in the low temperature regime. The results of the present numerical and experimental study of the oxidation of di-n-butyl ether provide a good basis for further investigation of long chain linear and branched ethers.