Does globalization have a positive or negative impact on democracy? One reason this problem has gone unsolved is found in the fact that most studies to date have not made systematic use of empirical data to test propositions concerning the relationship between globalization and democracy. While there have been studies that have made a pioneering systematic contribution through the use of macroeconomic and other aggregate statistics, this article empirically examines whether globalization enhances or constrains democracy by using cross-national survey data collected in 17 countries (the Asia-Europe Survey). Our empirical testing has shown that globalization tends to be positively correlated to democratic activism at the individual level, suggesting the possibility that experiences of globalization strengthen democracy.
Wire-rate packet processing and its energy saving for over 100 Gbps speed of line are major issues to be resolved in optical packet switching (OPS) networks. For that purpose, we newly develop a high-speed, deterministic-latency electronic header processor based on longest prefix matching (LPM) for searching optical packet destination addresses (OP-DAs). This paper reports the successful experimental results of electronic header processing based on LPM search of up to 48 bits and optical switching of 100 Gbps optical packets by the use of the header processor. We demonstrate 48-bit LPM-capable optical packet switching. We also demonstrate IP packet transfer and 32-bit LPM-capable optical packet switching. In the latter demonstration, the 32-bit OP-DA of optical packets is directly copied from the 32-bit destination address of Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) packets. This result indicates that OPS networks can be deployed with electronic IP networks by the use of integrated network operation between OPS and IP networks. 相似文献
A general and simple implementation of simultaneous multiparametric sensing in a single microchip is presented by using a capillary-assembled microchip (CAs-CHIP) integrated with the plural different reagent-release capillaries (RRCs), acting as various biochemical sensors. A novel "drop-and-sip" technique of fluid handling is performed with a microliter droplet of a model sample solution containing proteases (trypsin, chymotrypsin, thrombin, elastase) and divalent cations (Ca2+, Zn2+, Mg2+) that passes through the microchannel with the aid of a micropipette as a vacuum pump, concurrently filling each RRC via capillary force. To avert the evaporation of the nanoliter sample volume in each capillary, PDMS oil is dropped on the outlet hole of the CAs-CHIP exploiting the capillary force that results in spontaneous sealing of all the RRCs. In addition, this high-speed sample introduction alleviates the possibility of protein adsorption and capillary cross-contamination, allowing a reliable and multianalyte determination of a sample containing many different proteases and divalent cations by using the fluorescence image analysis. Presented results suggested the possible application of this microchip in the field of drug discovery and systems biology. 相似文献
During cell division, various organelles behave dynamically. Visualization of these dynamic behaviors of organelles is a promising one step forward for understanding life at the molecular level. One- or two-photon excited fluorescence microscopy has so far been used for visualizing these cell dynamics. The fluorescent probe introduced into a living cell can visualize the spatial distribution of a target molecule in real time, enabling the tracing of cell dynamics at the molecular level. Introducing a fluorescent probe into a cell, however, may alter the physical and chemical conditions of the cell. Here we show a new method for direct (no need for staining cells) visualization of living cell processes with coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) spectroscopy. A new light source, supercontinuum generated from a photonic crystal fiber, has facilitated ultrabroadband (>3500 cm(-1)) multiplex CARS spectroscopy and imaging with high molecular specificity. Using this multiplex CARS technique, we have been successful in tracing the whole cell division process, the splitting of a mother cell into two daughter cells, appearance and disappearance of septum, and dynamic distribution changes of organelles consisting of lipid membrane. The supercontinuum has also facilitated simultaneous measurement of the CARS and two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF) spectra, enabling what we call multiple nonlinear spectral imaging. Three-dimensional image reconstruction of a living cell with high speed is now possible to elucidate more detailed molecular-level dynamics inside a dividing living cell. 相似文献
Fluoroalkyl end-capped acrylic acid oligomers/fullerenes nanocomposites reacted smoothly with tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and silica nanoparticles under alkaline conditions to give fluoroalkyl end-capped oligomers/silica composites-encapsulated fullerenes. Interestingly, these isolated fluorinated composites were found to afford nanometer size-controlled colloidal particles with a good dispersibility in a variety of organic solvents including water. More interestingly, these fluorinated silica nanocomposites-encapsulated fullerenes were applied to a new type of surface modification agent, and these nanocomposites were able to disperse well above the poly(methyl methacrylate) films to exhibit not only surface active property imparted by fluorine but also a unique characteristic related to fullerenes in the nanocomposites on the surface, effectively. 相似文献
Ionic liquids can simultaneously assume multiple solvent roles, because they are strongly polar and polarizable solvents and binary solutions and frequently contain very hydrophobic components. When the cation and anion functional groups are tuned appropriately, ionic liquids can be used as designer solvents for a broad range of applications. In this Account, we discuss our spectroscopic studies on the intermolecular interactions, dynamics, solvation, transport, and friction in ionic liquids, as compared with information obtained from macroscopic experiments including viscometry and calorimetry. 相似文献
Digital but physical surrogates are tangible representations of remote people (typically members of small intimate teams), positioned within an office and under digital control. Surrogates selectively collect and present awareness information about the people they represent. They also react to people's explicit and implicit physical actions: a person's explicit acts include grasping and moving them, while their implicit acts include how they move towards or away from the surrogate. By responding appropriately to these physical actions of people, surrogates can control the communication capabilities of a media space in a natural way. Surrogates also balance awareness and privacy by limiting and abstracting how activities are portrayed, and by offering different levels of salience to its users. The combination of all these attributes means that surrogates can make it easy for intimate collaborators to move smoothly from awareness of each other to casual interaction while mitigating privacy and distraction concerns.Exploring different surrogate designs and how they work together can be straightforward if a good infrastructure is in place. We use anawareness server based on a distributed model-view-controller architecture, which automatically captures, stores and distributes events. We also package surrogates as physical widgets orphidgets with a well-defined interface; this makes it easy for a programmer to plug a surrogate into the awareness server as a controller (to generate awareness events), or view (to display events that others have produced), or both. Because surrogate design, implementation and use is still a new discipline, we also present several issues and next steps. 相似文献