Power swing analysis in a future metropolitan electric power system on a contingent trip of cryogenic high-power cables

A cryogenic power cable is expected to be capable of carrying bulk power as a main transmission line in a future metropolitan electric power system. It is important to establish a strategy of how to sustain power supply when such a highly densified power supply route trips from the network due to contingency. It is proposed here that the bulk power transmitted by the cryogenic cable could be distributed into the parallel conventional transmission lines by suitable circuit breaker operations in the system. In this process, power-flow routes are forced to be changed with a remarkable modification in the system configuration. In this paper, the power swings associated with the large power-flow change following contingent faults are analyzed by means of a transient network analyzer. It is found that the proposed system modification could be realized without any harmful power swing if the parameters in generators as well as in control devices have conventional magnitudes. It is shown also by simulations that the margin to occurrence in an unstable power swing is left sufficient even if the parameters deviate somewhat from the present magnitudes.     

Behavior Of Glyoxal During Granular Activated Carbon Treatment

Glyoxal, which was the strong mutagen formed by ozonation of humic substances, was treated with granular activated carbon (GAC) and the behavior of glyoxal was investigated. Glyoxal itself was adsorbed well on GAC at pH 5–7. But, glyoxal increased by GAC treatment of ozonated humic substances when the ozone dose was insufficient to decolorize the humic substances. The precursors of glyoxal may be among other ozonated products which may be changed to glyoxal on GAC.     

A comparative study of tunable Ba1−x Sr x TiO3 thin film capacitors prepared by rf-sputtering and liquid-phase deposition

Abstract

Ba_1?x Sr _x TiO₃ thin film capacitors have been successfully prepared using rf-sputtering and a metal organic deposition (MOD) method. The structure, microstructure and composition of the BSTO films are presented. Films grown on lanthanum aluminate LAO(100) showed c-axis preferred growth orientation. Broad paraelectric-to-ferroelectric transitions were observed in films prepared by both methods. The tunability of the capacitance by means of an appplied electric field is examined using various capacitor geometries. A decrease in the capacitance exceeding 75% at 77 K was obtained from the MOD deposited films under an electric field strength of 0.3 MV/cm. On the other hand, the tunability of the capacitance in the rf-sputtered films ranged from 5 to 10% at 77 K and at 20 kV/cm, while it exceeds 50% in some films. The results are compared with the predictions of Devonshire's phenomenological theory.     

Detection of CpG Methylation in G-Quadruplex Forming Sequences Using G-Quadruplex Ligands

Genomic DNA methylation is involved in many diseases and is expected to be a specific biomarker for even the pre-symptomatic diagnosis of many diseases. Thus, a rapid and inexpensive detection method is required for disease diagnosis. We have previously reported that cytosine methylation in G-quadruplex (G4)-forming oligonucleotides develops different G4 topologies. In this study, we developed a method for detecting CpG methylation in G4-forming oligonucleotides based on the structural differences between methylated and unmethylated G4 DNAs. The differences in G4 topologies due to CpG methylation can be discriminated by G4 ligands. We performed a binding assay between methylated or unmethylated G4 DNAs and G4 ligands. The binding abilities of fluorescent G4 ligands to BCL-2, HRAS1, HRAS2, VEGF G4-forming sequences were examined by fluorescence-based microtiter plate assay. The differences in fluorescence intensities between methylated and unmethylated G4 DNAs were statistically significant. In addition to fluorescence detection, the binding of G4 ligand to DNA was detected by chemiluminescence. A significant difference was also detected in chemiluminescence intensity between methylated and unmethylated DNA. This is the first study on the detection of CpG methylation in G4 structures, focusing on structural changes using G4 ligands.     

Severe myoclonic epilepsy in infancy: evolution of seizures

Demonstration of the full extent of abnormality in patients with the Struge-Weber syndrome (SWS) is important for prognosis and in planning surgery to remove the seizure focus. We compared single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), MRI and CT in nine children under the age of 4 years with seizures as part of SWS, in an attempt to determine the optimal method of imaging in different clinical settings. Seven unilateral and two bilateral cases were studied by interictal 99mtechnetium hexamethylpropyleneamineoxime (HMPAO) SPECT, and contrast-enhanced CT and MRI, giving information on 11 abnormal hemispheres. All imaging modalities showed abnormalities in every child. Perfusion imaging showed focal regions of decreased uptake in 9 of 11 (82%) abnormal hemispheres and demonstrated a widespread decrease but no focal defect in 2; it also revealed crossed cerebellar diaschisis in 2 cases. CT demonstrated typical gyriform calcification in 9 of 11 (82%) affected hemispheres. Contrast-enhanced MRI showed more extensive involvement than contrast-enhanced CT in 5 of 11 (45%) cases. The area of hypoperfusion shown by SPECT was smaller than the area of contrast enhancement on MRI in 6 of 11 cases (55%), comparable in 3 (27%) and larger in 2 cases (18%). CT is sufficient to confirm the clinical diagnosis of SWS, but MRI frequently shows more extensive abnormal areas. 99mTc HMPAO imaging is a useful addition when it is important to know the full extent of the disease, for example prior to surgery. It is likely to detect areas of hypoperfusion, representing ischaemic regions, which may act as an epileptogenic focus and may not be shown by CT or MRI.     

High-speed InP/InGaAs avalanche photodiodes with a compositionallygraded quaternary layer

InP/InGaAs avalanche photodiodes (APDs) with a compositionally graded quaternary layer at the heterointerface between the InGaAs absorption and InP multiplication regions were fabricated and tested. A comparison of samples with the graded layer and with conventional three quaternary layers showed that the frequency characteristics for samples with the graded layer did not deteriorate at a low bias voltage even below -100°C, unlike APDs with three InGaAsP layers. Thus, no hole trapping occurred at the InP/InGaAs heterointerface with the graded layer. A sample with the graded layer showed a cutoff frequency exceeding 9 GHz at a low multiplication factor of 2. The authors found InP/InGaAs APDs with the compositionally graded quaternary layer to be useful over a wide temperature range     

Current distribution in superconducting multistrands for ac use before and after quenching

A superconducting multistranded cable is used to realize high current capacity for ac use. The critical current value of the cable is reported to be less than the simple summation of the individual critical current value of each strand. The causes for such a degradation of the critical current value have not been revealed. This paper investigates the current distribution in multistrands before and after their quenching by using seven-strand superconducting cable and 7x7 cable. The following experimental results are derived: (1) the quenching is initiated at one strand in the cable; (2) the current in the quenched strand is transferred into the other strands; (3) an avalanche of quenching is induced among the strands; and (4) the central strand is quenched finally among the strands. The critical current values of the 7- and 7 × 7-stranded cables also are measured. These values are in good agreement with the predicted values based on the mutual inductance among the strands. It is concluded that the unbalance of the current distribution in the superconducting multistrands can be one of the promising causes for the degradation of the critical current value.