Toward an understanding of how red phosphorus and expandable graphite enhance the fire resistance of expandable polystyrene foams

Flame retardant expandable polystyrene (EPS) foams were prepared by coating method. Red phosphorus (RP) and expandable graphite (EG) were chosen as the flame retardants to be coated on the surface of expanded PS beads. By the presence of 33 phr RP/EG with a mass ratio of 1:1, the limiting oxygen index of EPS foam could reach up to 26.9%, with V-0 rating obtained in UL-94 test. The peak heat release rate could also decrease to 180.67 kW/m², which was 72.9% lower than that of neat EPS sample. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed an obvious increase of thermal stability and residue char amount by the presence of RP and EG. From the observation and analysis of char residue, it could be proposed that there existed a significant synergistic effect between RP and EG. RP could be oxidized and further react with graphite by the presence of oxygen at high temperature, forming isolated char layer and releasing nonflammable gases. Moreover, P radicals were generated at high temperature and could capture the radicals formed during the combustion of polystyrene and eliminate the burning chain reactions.     

燃烧法合成高纯度负热膨胀材料ZrW2O8粉体

采用燃烧法在较低温度下成功合成了各向同性的负热膨胀材料ZrW2O8粉体.用X射线衍射、扫描电镜、红外光谱综合分析和研究了反应过程中炉温、硼酸和尿素含量、W6 与Zr4 的摩尔比对合成ZrW2O8纯度的影响.结果表明:燃烧法可以合成高纯度、粒径为0.5μm的ZrW2O8粉体.燃烧法合成高纯ZrW2O8的最佳条件是:炉温为500℃,硼酸的摩尔分数为10%,(NH2)2CO与(NH4)5H5[H2(WO4)6]·H2O ZrOCl2·8H2O的质量比为2∶1,(NH4)5H5[H2(WO4)6]·H2O与ZrOCl2·8H2O的摩尔比为1∶3.2.所合成的ZrW2O8在50～700℃之间的线膨胀系数a=-5.08×10-6/℃,其线膨胀系数与温度的关系符合方程dL/L0=-1.4×10-2-4.5×10-4T(50℃≤T≤700℃).     

螺旋焊管波浪压痕的消除

简要介绍和分析了螺旋焊管生产过程中产生的波浪压痕及其成因,并给出了消除方法。通过生产实践证明,在螺旋焊管生产过程中,经过理论计算,只要能准确地给出成型器1～3号微型辊组的位置参数,就能够消除焊管管体的波浪压痕。     

Native point defects and oxygen migration of rare earth zirconate and stannate pyrochlores

Various excellent properties of rare earth zirconate and stannate pyrochlores are close related with their native point defects.First-principles calculations are performed to systematically investigate the point defect mechanism and the oxygen diffusion behavior of A2B2O7 (A=La,Ce,Pr,Nd,Pm,Sm,Eu,Gd;B=Zr,Sn).The possible defect complexes and their associated reactions under stoichiometric and nonstoichiometric conditions are explored.The O Frenkel pairs are the most stable defect structure in stoichiometric zirconates,whereas the cation antisite defects are the predominant one in stoichiometric stannates.In the case of BO2 excess zirconates and stannates,the BA cation antisite defect with the A vacancy and/or the oxygen interstitial is energetically favorable,whereas the AB antisite defect together with the oxygen vacancy and/or the A interstitial is preferable under the A2O3 excess condition.Meanwhile,the maximum point defect concentrations of zirconates are much higher than those of stannates.Furthermore,the oxygen migration barriers are similar in these compounds,ranging in 0.68 eV-0.80 eV.The predicted point defects and oxygen diffusion mechanisms play the critical role in their engineering applications and are expected to guide the future property improvement of pyrochlores through the control of point defects and/or composition.     

一种移动Agent通信协作模型

基于FIPA ACL和Linda协作模型的思想和方法,提出一种移动Agent通信协作模型Wagent模型。这种通信协作模型结合了FIPA ACL和Linda协作模型各自的优点,解决基于语义的协作和移动Agent的通信失效问题。在IBM的Aglet平台上,实现这种通信协作模型。     

基于不同测井曲线的煤体结构识别 ——以大同煤田塔山矿为例

为探究大同煤田塔山矿3～5号煤层煤体结构特征及对应的测井曲线识别方法,以塔山矿50余口钻孔数据和测井结果为研究依据,通过测井曲线解释、构造煤煤体结构指数和原生煤比例计算等数学方法结合,进行构造煤发育特征的定性和定量分析,并绘制塔山矿构造煤平面展布规律图.结果表明:塔山矿3～5号煤层在测井曲线上表现为高电阻率、高声波时差...     

以风化煤为底物制取生物甲烷的潜力分析

我国拥有丰富的风化煤储量,因其高度被氧化的独特性质,可应用的领域极为有限,目前主要被作为改善土壤性质的肥料和制取腐殖酸的来源。以风化煤为底物制取生物甲烷是一种具有探索性的全新生物发酵工艺,探究其可行性及模拟实验过程中风化煤的物性特征变化有利于拓宽风化煤的资源利用和环境改善,并可以进一步丰富煤生物产气理论。实验选取内蒙古乌海和山西晋城两地不同风化程度煤样,以煤层矿井水为菌种来源,在适宜环境条件下开展模拟产气实验,通过生物产气模拟和红外光谱测试,分析不同风化程度煤的生物产气能力及其内在因素,以揭示其产气潜力及物性变化特征。结果表明:①随着煤的风化程度加深,可燃基CH 4产气量明显增加,两组煤样中可燃基CH 4生成量最高分别达到7.13,4.20 mL/g;②不同风化程度的煤样均出现了产气高峰,时间基本都出现在15~30 d,各组中随着煤样风化程度不断加深,产气高峰出现时间也越来越早;③随着煤的风化程度加深,煤中芳环被不断打开,大分子结构被破坏,同时煤中羟基、氨基等基团含量趋于降低,脂碳结构逐渐解体,含氧官能团成为主要结构,氧含量比例不断增高,更容易被微生物降解;④菌群鉴定表明风化煤不仅含有大量产生生物气所需的第1阶段和第2阶段细菌,更含有甲烷杆菌属、甲烷球菌属等多种类型的产甲烷菌群,具有把风化煤转化为生物甲烷的环境条件。实验结果最终反映了风化煤具有转化为生物甲烷的潜力,并有利于提高我国风化煤的资源利用率。     

柠条的纤维特性及其双螺杆CMP制浆性能研究

以柠条为原料,分析了其化学组分和纤维形态,并探讨了柠条双螺杆CMP法的制浆工艺以及浆料的纤维形态和成纸的物理性能。研究结果表明：与针、阔叶木相比,柠条原料中纤维素和综纤维素质量分数较低,苯醇抽出物和热水抽出物质量分数较高,柠条纤维长度总体偏短,木质部和皮部的纤维质量平均长度分别为0.621和0.819 mm,还存在部分杂细胞。采用3.5% Na₂SO₃和1.5% NaOH常温预浸12 h、90℃汽蒸1 h后再用双螺杆挤浆机在质量分数35%下进行搓丝,并结合高浓盘磨机磨浆,所得CMP浆得率可达73%。柠条CMP浆基本保持了纤维原有的长度,质量平均长度达0.650 mm,长宽比为32.7,纤维解离较好,但分丝帚化情况不理想,含有部分纤维束和杂细胞。当加拿大游离度为300 mL时,柠条CMP浆成纸的环压强度指数和松厚度较高,分别为8.67（N·m）/g和2.56 cm³/g,抗张指数为19.6（N·m）/g,本色浆白度较高,达50%（ISO）。柠条CMP浆适合配抄瓦楞原纸等包装用纸,漂白后可配抄新闻纸和白板纸。     

阳极氧化对PAN基高模碳纤维表面的影响

采用阳极氧化法对PAN基高模碳纤维进行在线表面处理,重点研究了氧化电流密度对炭纤维表面形貌、比表面积、表面官能团的影响.结果表明,电流密度时纤维形貌、比表面积影响不大;氧化后纤维表面官能团显著提高.根据实验结果,提出了PAN基高模炭纤维的氧化模型.     

PTV-GC-MS/MS同时测定烟草中202种农药残留

研究了应用程序升温汽化进样-气相色谱-串联质谱(PTV-GC-MS/MS)技术检测烟草中202种农药品种221个组分的高效方法。以QuEChERS技术快速提取烟草中残留农药并净化,PTV进样后在TR-pesticide II毛细管柱上分离,通过优化串联质谱参数,有效降低复杂基质干扰及农药组分重叠峰的相互串扰,以保留时间窗口和特征SRM(选择性反应监测)离子对定性、峰面积定量。结果表明:①202种农药在0.01～2.50 mg/L范围内线性良好,相关系数为0.9800～0.9999,检测限0.0002～0.0100 mg/kg,加标回收率67.4%～112.0%,RSD 0.30%～20.30%。②应用该方法对44个进口烟叶样品进行检测验证,效果良好。③该方法对农药品种覆盖面广,前处理简便、快捷,节省溶剂;一次进样在46 min内可分析221个组分,准确、灵敏。