Quinone emissions from gasoline and diesel motor vehicles

Gas- and particle-phase emissions from gasoline and diesel vehicles operated on chassis dynamometers were collected using annular denuders, quartz filters, and PUF substrates. Quinone species were measured using O-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl)hydroxylamine derivatization in conjunction with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Nine quinones were observed, ranging from C6 to C16. New species identified in motor vehicle exhaust include methyl-1,4-benzoquinone, 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (MNQN), and aceanthrenequinone. Gas-phase motor vehicle emissions of quinones are also reported for the first time. Six gas-phase quinones were quantified with emission rates of 2-28 000 microg L(-1) fuel consumed. The most abundant gas-phase quinones were 1,4-benzoquinone (BON) and MNQN. The gas-phase fraction was > or = 69% of quinone mass for light-duty gasoline emissions, and > or = 84% for heavy-duty diesel emissions. Eight particle-phase quinones were observed between 2 and 1600 microg L(-1), with BQN the most abundant species followed by 9,10-phenanthrenequinone and 1,2-naphthoquinone. Current particle-phase quinone measurements agree well with the few available previous results. Further research is needed concerning the gas-particle partitioning behavior of quinones in ambient and combustion source conditions.     

Characterization of palladium supported on sulfated zirconia catalysts by DRIFTS, XAS and n-butane isomerization reaction in the presence of hydrogen

Palladium supported on sulfated zirconia (PdSZ) has been characterized by the n-butane isomerization reaction in the presence of hydrogen, X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (DRIFTS) of adsorbed carbon monoxide. Catalyst calcination at 873 K followed by hydrogen reduction at 513 K results in the formation of 30–40 Å Pd metal clusters, but the surface can only weakly adsorb CO, though stronger than Pd-free, sulfated zirconia catalysts. In the presence of hydrogen, PdSZ has a lower n-butane isomerization activity than SZ, and the Pd function cannot stabilize the reaction at low H₂/n-butane ratios.     

A Comparison of Fresh Frozen vs. Formalin-Fixed,Paraffin-Embedded Specimens of Canine Mammary Tumors via Branched-DNA Assay

Mammary neoplasms are the tumors most affecting female dogs and women. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues are an invaluable source of archived biological material. Fresh frozen (FF) tissue is considered ideal for gene expression analysis. However, strategies based on FFPE material offer several advantages. Branched-DNA assays permit a reliable and fast workflow when analyzing gene expression. The aim of this study was to assess the comparability of the branched-DNA assay when analyzing certain gene expression patterns between FF and FFPE samples in canine mammary tumors. RNA was isolated from 109 FFPE samples and from 93 FF samples of different canine mammary tissues. Sixteen (16) target genes (Tp53; Myc; HMGA1; Pik3ca; Mcl1; MAPK3; FOXO3; PTEN; GATA4; PFDN5; HMGB1; MAPK1; BRCA2; BRCA1; HMGA2; and Her2) were analyzed via branched-DNA assay (b-DNA). ACTB, GAPDH, and HPRT1 were used as data normalizers. Overall, the relative gene expression of the two different origins of samples showed an agreement of 63%. Still, care should be taken, as FFPE specimens showed lower expression of the analyzed targets when compared to FF samples. The fact that the gene expression in FFPE proved to be lower than in FF specimens is likely to have been caused by the effect of storage time. ACTB had the best performance as a data normalizer.     

Derivation and validation of a binary multi-fluid Eulerian model for fluidized beds

The paper presents a multi-fluid Eulerian model derived from binary kinetic theory of granular flows, free path theory and an empirical friction theory. The effects of the inter- and inner-particle collisions, particle translational motions and particle–particle friction are included. As the effects due to fluiddynamic particle velocity differences and particle–particle friction are considered, some unconventional terms are produced compared with the previous models. Model validation using the data from Mathiesen et al. (2000) shows that the coupling terms give a stronger and more realistic particle–particle coupling because the effects due to the fluiddynamic velocity differences are considered. The model gives reasonable predictions of the particle volume fraction, particle velocities and velocity fluctuations. The model analysis reveals that the basic particle velocity fluctuations constitute 2 terms: the velocity fluctuations of the discrete particles, and the velocity fluctuations of the continuous fluid flow. Furthermore, the simulation results show that the velocity fluctuations of the continuous fluid flow are dominant in a binary riser flow.     

Hot corrosion behaviour of 7YSZ + Gd2O3 nano-composites in molten salts prepared by spark plasma sintering

This study compares the hot corrosion performance of yttria-stabilised zirconia (7YSZ), and 7YSZ?+?Gd₂O₃ composite samples in the presence of molten mixture of Na₂SO₄?+?V₂O₅ at 1150°C. For 7YSZ, the reaction between NaVO₃ and Y₂O₃ produces YVO₄ and leads the transformation of tetragonal ZrO₂ to monoclinic ZrO₂. A high-density in sintered 7YSZ?+?Gd₂O₃ samples, led minor amounts of monoclinic ZrO₂ and tetragonal GdVO₄ as the hot corrosion products with only traceable amounts of YVO₄, and a stable corroded layer was formed. Due to the synergic effect of doping of zirconia with Gd₂O₃, the 7YSZ?+?Gd₂O₃ sample has a much better hot corrosion crack resistance than 7YSZ.     

Thermal properties of Sn-based solder alloys

During last few decades, emerging environmental regulations worldwide, more notably in Europe and Japan, have targeted the elimination of Pb usage in electronic assemblies due to the inherent toxicity of this element. This situation drives to the replacement of the Sn–Pb solder alloy of eutectic composition commonly used as joining material to suitable lead-free solders for microelectronic assembly. Sn-based alloys containing Ag, Cu, Bi, and Zn are potential lead-free solders, usually close to the binary or ternary eutectic composition. For this reason a great effort was directed to establish reliable thermophysical data fundamental to interpret the solidification process and fluidity of alloys belonging to these systems. In this work, an analysis of the solidification process of pure Sn, binary Sn–Ag, Sn–Cu, Sn–Bi, Sn–Zn, Sn–Pb and ternary Sn–Ag–Cu eutectic alloys was carried out using computer aided-cooling curve analysis and differential scanning calorimetry.     

Innovation regional planning and latent dimensions: the case of the Algarve region

Regional innovation systems (RSI) concept is an important theoretical framework to analyse regional profiles of regions when trying to understand Innovation but it has also been used by practioners to design and implement policies. This study hopes to contribute to the understanding of the Algarve RSI, a peripheral Portuguese region in the National and European framework, where an economic growth is supported by Tourism, which leaves it out of the group of poorest regions when the GDPpc indicator is taken in account. The regional profile, the comparison with the other European regions and the characterisation of RSI following developed typologies are discussed in this paper. Through the analysis of 175 regions of the EU 15 the study seeks to find the dimensions underlying the innovative phenomena and to create homogeneous groups of regions that display similar profiles. Factorial Analysis was used to reduce the dimension of data from a barrage of regional indicators such as: Critical Mass of Territories, Economic Performance, Level of Wealth, Employment Market, Sectoral Structure of the Economy, Age Group Structure, Education and Training, Technological Employment, R&D and Patents. Having determined the four main factors with significant results (Technological Innovation, Human Capital, Economic Structure and Availability of the Employment Market) what followed was a hierarchical analysis of Clusters, resulting in five groupings of regions: Disadvantaged Regions, Average Regions, Central Regions, Large Economic Centres and Innovating Regions. A synthesis of the recent Regional Innovation Strategies for the Algarve is presented including previous experiences (Ettirse and INOVAlgarve) and the Algarve’s Regional Innovation Plan, which will try to create a pathway for regional development supported by knowledge-based activities for a more diversified regional economy.     

Influence of the growth conditions on the defect density of single-walled carbon nanotubes

The influence of the temperature and precursor pressure on the defect density of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) grown by catalytic chemical vapor deposition was studied for several catalyst–precursor couples. The SWCNT defect density was assessed by studying the Raman D band. In situ Raman monitoring was used to determine experimental conditions allowing the preparation of samples free of pyrolytic carbon and not altered by air exposure. The most striking feature is that the Arrhenius plots of the I_G/I_D ratio systematically display a convex shape, i.e. the apparent activation energy decreases with increasing temperature. From HRTEM observations and oxidation experiments, this evolution of the D band features is ascribed to the catalytic growth of long SWCNTs with few defects at high temperature and of short and defective SWCNTs and carbon structures at low temperature. The convex Arrhenius behavior is well accounted by two kinetic models: (i) a model considering a change of intermediate states as a function of the temperature (for instance due to a phase transition of the catalyst particle or a change of intermediate carbon species) and (ii) a model considering a high-temperature process of defect creation (for instance by reaction with reactive gas species).     

Undecidable properties of flat term rewrite systems

Reachability, joinability and confluence properties are known to be undecidable for flat term rewrite systems (TRS). We give shorter and conceptually simpler proofs of these results. We also prove undecidability of weak normalization and unique normalization properties for flat TRS. The first author was supported by Spanish Ministry of Education and Science by the FORMALISM project (TIN2007-66523) and by the LOGICTOOLS-2 project (TIN2007-68093-C02-01). The second author was supported by Spanish Ministry of Education and Science by the FORMALISM project (TIN2007-66523).