Self-aligned fabrication of single crystal diamond gated field emitter array

This paper describes a self-aligned fabrication process for diamond gated field emitter array (FEA). Utilizing the non-conformal coverage sputtering conditions of silicon oxide, an interesting “sphere on cone” structure is formed on diamond nano tip array, which is the key point of gate hole opening process. This structure causes shadowing at certain regions of side-wall during Ti / Au gate metal deposition. Removal of “sphere” by wet etching leads to the successful fabrication of a single crystalline diamond gated FEA. Scanning electron microscope observations reveal the fabrication of a uniform emitter array with tip radius of curvature (20 nm) and gate hole (1.4 μm). We also confirmed that no noticeable physical damage exists on tip. In field emission characteristics of the fabricated single crystal diamond gated FEA, gate voltage control of field emission current is realized.     

Prediction model of compressive strength development of fly-ash concrete

Based on experimental results concerning the compressive strength development of concrete containing fly ash, the authors derived an estimation equation for compressive strength development. The equation can express coefficient , which indicates the activity of fly ash as a binder, in the form of a function of age, fly-ash content, and Blaine specific surface area of fly ash.

This equation is capable of explaining the increases in the early strength due to fly ash in place of part of fine aggregate, the decreases in the early strength due to fly ash in place of part of cement, the increases in the long-term strength due to pozzolanic reaction, the relationship between the fly-ash replacement ratio and the ratio of strength increase/decrease, and the effect of fly ash's Blaine specific surface area on the strength.     

Editing and Synthesizing Two‐Character Motions using a Coupled Inverted Pendulum Model

This study aims to develop a controller for use in the online simulation of two interacting characters. This controller is capable of generalizing two sets of interaction motions of the two characters based on the relationships between the characters. The controller can exhibit similar motions to a captured human motion while reacting in a natural way to the opponent character in real time. To achieve this, we propose a new type of physical model called a coupled inverted pendulum on carts that comprises two inverted pendulum on a cart models, one for each individual, which are coupled by a relationship model. The proposed framework is divided into two steps: motion analysis and motion synthesis. Motion analysis is an offline preprocessing step, which optimizes the control parameters to move the proposed model along a motion capture trajectory of two interacting humans. The optimization procedure generates a coupled pendulum trajectory which represents the relationship between two characters for each frame, and is used as a reference in the synthesis step. In the motion synthesis step, a new coupled pendulum trajectory is planned reflecting the effects of the physical interaction, and the captured reference motions are edited based on the planned trajectory produced by the coupled pendulum trajectory generator. To validate the proposed framework, we used a motion capture data set showing two people performing kickboxing. The proposed controller is able to generalize the behaviors of two humans to different situations such as different speeds and turning speeds in a realistic way in real time.     

Microstructural Evidence for Diffusion-Driven Tetragonal-to-Orthorhombic Phase Transformation in Y-Ba-Cu-O Superconductor

Microstructures of Y-Ba-Cu-O superconductor were observed using a polarized microscope. Orthorhombic and tetragonal phases were easily distinguished by the optical etching with cross-polarized light. In the specimen cooled rapidly in oxygen, it was possible to see the path of oxygen diffusion by observing the variation of the twin concentration. At the boundary between transformed and untransformed materials, evidence for diffusion-driven transformation could be clearly seen.     

Highly Efficient Overall Water Splitting Through Optimization of Preparation and Operation Conditions of Layered Perovskite Photocatalysts

The layered perovskite materials were found to give the high photocatalytic activity in water splitting reaction under UV irradiation, where the electronic structure of perovskite slab constructing the layered structure (the total cation valency) was the most crucial factor to the high photocatalytic activity. Both the excessive cation valency and the layered structure were required for active photocatalysts, while the slab thickness of layered perovskites had an insignificant effect on water-splitting activity. In order to identify key variables that affected photocatalytic activity and to optimize the performance of (110) layered perovskite, La₂Ti₂O₇ was modified by various methods. The optimum amount of loaded nickel had a great effect and the amount depended on the surface area of the perovskite phase. When an alkaline-earth element such as Ba, Sr, and Ca was doped on La₂Ti₂O₇, the photocatalytic activity was enhanced markedly. Introduction of an alkaline hydroxide into the reaction system as an external additive enhanced the activity further showing extremely high quantum yields close to 50%.     

Synthesis and electrical properties of poly[2-(2-(4-trifluoromethyl)phenyl)ethenyl-1,4-phenylenevinylene] and PPV copolymers

Summary Poly[2-(2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)ethenyl)-5-methoxy-1,4-phenylenevinylene] (PFEMPV) and a series of PPV copolymers containing 1,4-phenylenevinylene (PV) units were synthesized through a water-soluble precursor route, and their electrical and third-order nonlinear optical properties were studied. The PFEMPV films could not be doped with I₂, but FeCl₃-doped films showed an electrical conductivity of 5.0x10^-4 S/cm. The conductivities of FeCl₃-doped copolymer films ranged from 2.0x10^-3 to 2.0 S/cm depending on their copolymer compositions. The third-order nonlinear optical susceptibility, ⁽³⁾(–;,,–), was also investigated by the degenerate four wave mixing technique at 602 nm. The ⁽³⁾ value of PFEMPV was 6.9x10^-11 esu. The photoluminescence spectrum of PFEMPV shows its emission maximum at 550 nm.     

Structure-property relationships in rubber-toughened epoxies

Epoxies toughened with two reactive liquid rubbers, an epoxy-terminated butadiene acrylonitrile rubber (ETBN) and an amino-terminated butadiene acrylonitrile rubber (ATBN), were prepared and studied in terms of their structure property relationships. A two-phase structure was formed, consisting of spherical rubber particles dispersed in an epoxy matrix. A broad distribution of rubber particles was observed in all the materials with most of the particles ranging in size from 1 to 4 μm, but some particles exceeding 20 μm were also found. Impact strength, plane strain fracture toughness (K_IC), and fracture energy (G_IC) were increased, while Young's modulus and yield strength decreased slightly with increasing rubber content and volume fraction of the dispersed phase. Both G_IC and K_IC were found to increase with increasing apparent molecular weight between crosslinks and decreasing yield strength. The increased size of the plastic zone at the crack tip associated with decreasing yield strength could be the cause of the increased toughness. An ATBN-toughened system containing the greatest amount of epoxy sub-inclusion in the rubbery phase demonstrated the best fracture toughness in this series. In the present systems, rubber-enhanced shear deformation of the matrix is considered to be the major toughening mechanism. Curing conditions and the miscibility between the liquid rubber and the epoxy resin determine the phase morphology of the resulting two-phase systems. Kerner's equation successfully describes the modulus dependence on volume fraction for the two-phase epoxy materials.     

Fabrication of High-Curie-Point Barium-Lead Titanate PTCR Ceramics

High-Curie-point semiconducting barium-lead titanate positive temperature coefficient of resistivity (PTCR) ceramics of composition Ba_0.897Pb_0.1La_0.003TiO₃ and Ba_0.5Pb_0.5La_0.003TiO₃ were prepared. The starting powders were synthesized by reacting commercial BaTiO₃, PbO, and TiO₂. To avoid the nonstoichiometry due to the volatilization of Pb during the sintering process, a lead atmosphere sintering approach with PbTiO₃ as packing powder was used. The samples being fabricated by this method show a PTCR effect of 3 to 4.5 orders of magnitude above the Curie point. The curie points were about 180°C for Ba_0.897Pb_0.1La_0.003TiO₃ and about 360°C for Ba_0.497Pb_0.5La_0.003TiO₃.     

Pb-Diffusion Barrier Layers for PbTiO3 Thin Films Deposited on Si Substrates by Metal Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition

The interfaces between metal organic chemical vapor deposited PbTiO₃ thin films and various diffusion barrier layers deposited on Si substrates were investigated by transmission electron microscopy. Several diffusion barrier thin films such as polycrystalline TiO₂, amorphous TiO₂, ZrO₂, and TiN were deposited between the PbTiO₃ thin film and Si substrate, because the deposition of PbTiO₃ thin films on bare Si substrates produced Pb silicate layers at the interface irrespective of the deposition conditions. The TiO₂ films were converted to PbTiO₃ by their reaction with diffused Pb and O ions during PbTiO₃ deposition at a gubstrate temperature of 410°C. Further diffusion of Pb and O induces formation of a Pb silicate layer at the interface. ZrO₂ did not seem to react with Pb and O during PbTiO₃ deposition at the same temperature, but the Pb and O ions that diffused through the ZrO₂ layer formed a Pb silicate layer between the ZrO₂ and Si substrate. The TiN films did not seem to react with Pb and O ions during the deposition of PbTiO₃ at 410°C, but reacted with PbTiO₃ to form a lead-deficient pyrochlore during postdeposition rapid thermal annealing at 700°C. However, TiN could effectively block the diffusion of Pb and O ions into the Si substrate and the formation of Pb silicate at the interface.     

Properties of chitosan‐based biopolymer films with various degrees of deacetylation and molecular weights

An increase in the depolymerization of chitosan was found with an increased concentration of sodium perborate. Acetic anhydride was added to reacetylated chitosan in a molar ratio per gulcosamine unit, and the amide I band of IR spectra changed with the addition of acetic anhydride. Sixteen chitosans with various molecular weights (MWs) and degrees of deacetylation (DODs) were prepared. X‐ray diffraction patterns indicated their amorphous and partially crystalline states. Increases in the chitosan MW and DOD increased the tensile strength (TS). TS of the chitosan films ranged from 22 to 61 MPa. However, the elongation (E) of chitosan films did not show any difference with MW. TS of chitosan films decreased with the reacetylation process. However, E of chitosan films was not dependent on DOD. The water vapor permeabilities (WVPs) of the chitosan films without a plasticizer were between 0.155 and 0.214 ng m/m² s Pa. As the chitosan MW increased, the chitosan film WVP increased, but the values were not significantly different. Moreover, the WVP values were not different from low DOD to high DOD. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 3476–3484, 2003