Adolescent modeling of parent substance use: The moderating effect of the relationship with the parent.

This study examined a hypothesis derived from social learning theory, that adolescents would be more likely to model the substance use of each parent if they had a relatively good relationship with the parent than if their relationship with that parent was relatively poor. Data from 657 adolescents (51% female; 11 to 15 years of age at the 1st assessment), 357 fathers, and 633 mothers across a 6-year assessment period were used for these analyses. As hypothesized, all adolescents modeled mother's cigarette use and father's marijuana use, older adolescents modeled mother's marijuana use and younger girls and older boys modeled father's alcohol use if they had a relatively good or moderate relationship with that parent but did not model their parent's use if the relationship with that parent was relatively poor. Caution is noted in assuming that relatively good relationships with a parent are always protective. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Adolescent psychopathology: I. Prevalence and incidence of depression and other DSM-III—R disorders in high school students.

Data were collected on the point and lifetime prevalences, 1-yr incidence, and comorbidity of depression with other Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-III-Revised (DSM-III-R) disorders in a randomly selected sample (n?=?1,710) of high school students at point of entry and at 1-yr follow-up (n?=?1,508). The Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children was used to collect diagnostic information; 9.6% met criteria for a current disorder, more than 33% had experienced a disorder over their lifetimes, and 31.7% of the latter had experienced a 2nd disorder. High relapse rates were found for all disorders, especially for unipolar depression (18.4%) and substance use (15.0%). Female Ss had significantly higher rates at all age levels for unipolar depression, anxiety disorders, eating disorders, and adjustment disorders; male Ss had higher rates of disruptive behavior disorders. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Home observations of family interactions of depressed women.

The family interactions of 27 intact families with clinically depressed mothers were compared with those of 25 normal families. Each family had at least one child between the ages of 3–16 years. Spouses in half of the depressed families were maritally distressed. A system of coding interactions was developed, and observations were conducted in each home on 10 separate days. Six categories of nonverbal affective behavior were analyzed. Depressed mothers emitted significantly higher rates of dysphoric affect and lower rates of happy affect than normal mothers. Among depressed families, the mother"s dysphoric affect appeared to suppress the family"s aggressive affect, whereas the family"s aggressive affect appeared to suppress the mother"s dysphoric affect. These data suggest that aversive behavior may function to provide brief respites from the aversive behavior of others. The presence of marital discord in depressed families appeared to exacerbate such problematic interaction. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Erythromycin-Direct Compression Excipients: Preformulation Stability Screening Using Differential Scanning Calorimetry

Differential scanning calorimetry was used as a screening technique for assessing the compatibility of erythromycin with some of the direct compression excipients. Erythromycin was found to be compatible with Avicel PH 101, Avicel PH 105, Elcema F 150, Elcema G 250, Solka-floc BW 100, Sta-Rx 1500, Cab-0-Sil, Brownex sugar, Di-Pac, sorbitol, mannitol and granular mannitol, while incompatible with Emdex, dicalcium phosphate dihydrate, Di-Tab and Emcompress. It appears that L-(-)-leucine can be used as lubricant in formulations containing erythromycin while stearic acid and magnesium stearate cannot.     

Galvanic skin response and reported anxiety during systematic desensitization.

Preselected 3 groups of 8 females each for high snake fear. 1 group received systematic desensitization with relaxation, another desensitization without relaxation (essentially exposure to phobic visualizations), and the 3rd relaxation and visualization of neutral scenes. Outcome measures indicate that the desensitization group reduced phobic behavior most, followed by the relaxation group, and then the exposure group. Total amplitude of GSR responsivity during a visualization showed a more rapid habituation for the desensitization group than either exposure or relaxation group. Results confirm the initial hypotheses and provide support for a counterconditioning explanation of systematic desensitization with relaxation as the mediator or counterconditioner. (16 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Children's perception of nasal resonance

The purpose of this study was to investigate children's perception of nasal resonance in other children. A total of 120 elementary-school-aged children listened to four female children's voices with normal resonance to severe hypernasality and responded to a total of 20 questions. All children responded negatively to severe hypernasality in other children. The findings indicate that hypernasality warrants correction.     

Stimulated Raman scattering of XeF* laser radiation in H2

Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) experiments have been performed using an ∼2 J,sim0.4 mus pulsewidth XeF* laser as the pump and high-pressure molecular hydrogen as the Raman-active medium. The SRS conversion efficiency and spectral distribution have been characterized as functions of H2pressure and pump laser focal parameters. Energy conversion efficiencies of >60 percent have been obtained, with the converted energy in first and second Stokes radiation, at 414 nm and 500 nm, respectively.     

Mothers’ and fathers’ attributions for adolescent behavior: An examination in families of depressed, subdiagnostic, and nondepressed youth.

This study examined whether parents of adolescents experiencing depressive symptoms or disorder make more negative and fewer positive attributions for their adolescents’ behavior than do parents of nondepressed adolescents, and whether parental attributions for adolescents’ behavior contribute to parenting behavior, above and beyond the adolescents’ behavior. Parents and adolescents (76 girls and 48 boys) participated in videotaped problem-solving interactions (PSIs). Each parent subsequently watched the videotape and offered attributions for their adolescent’s behavior. In addition, parent and adolescent behavior during the PSIs was coded. Mothers and fathers in families of nondepressed adolescents made significantly fewer negative attributions for their children’s behavior than did parents in families of adolescents with diagnostic or subdiagnostic levels of depressive symptoms. Moreover, mothers’ and fathers’ negative attributions were related to greater levels of observed aggressive behavior and lower levels of observed facilitative behavior during the PSIs controlling for both demographic characteristics and the relative level of adolescent aggressive and facilitative behavior during the PSI. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Contact physics of gold microcontacts for MEMS switches

This work presents a study of gold metallic contacts regarding contact resistance, heat dissipation, and surface damage in the normal-force regime of tens to hundreds of μN, which is typical of the contact forces from microactuation. The purpose of this work is to present the micromechanical switch designer with practical information on gold contact phenomena in this force regime, as most work in micrometallic contacts has focused on contact forces greater than 1 mN. Results indicate actuation forces of several hundred μN are required for reliable fully metallic contacts, with resistance and current carrying ability primarily dependent on morphology, thermal management, and nm-depth material properties of the contact electrodes