Measurements of fuel mixture fraction oscillations of a turbulent jet non-premixed flame

This work describes new type of combustion instability for which the 3-way coupling between mixing, flame heat release, and acoustics is modified by local buoyancy effects. Measurements of fuel mixture fraction are made for a non-premixed jet flame in a combustion chamber to assess the dynamics of mixing under imposed acoustic oscillations (22-55 Hz). Infrared laser absorption and phase resolved acetone-planar laser induced fluorescence are used to measure the fuel mixture fraction and then the degree of fuel/air mixing is calculated by determining the unmixedness. Results show acoustic excitation causes oscillations in the degree of fuel/air mixing at the driving frequency, which results in oscillatory flame behavior. This oscillatory flame behavior couples to the buoyancy and this in turn affects the mixing. Results also show that the mixing becomes less effective when the excitation frequency is increased or when the flame is present, compared to the non-reacting case. This work describes a key coupling mechanism that occurs when buoyancy is a significant factor in the flow field.     

A Heuristic Approach to the Railroad Track Maintenance Scheduling Problem

Abstract: Every year, billions of dollars are spent on rail track maintenance to keep the serviceability of the railroad network. These maintenance projects (of different types) must be performed by suitable maintenance teams within a planning horizon. This article presents a time‐space network model to solve the track maintenance scheduling problem (TMSP). The objective is to minimize the total travel costs of the maintenance teams as well as the impact of maintenance projects on railroad operation, which are formulated by three types of side constraints: mutually exclusive, time window, and precedence constraints. An iterative heuristic solution approach is proposed to solve the large‐scale TMSP model with a large number of side constraints. The proposed model and solution approach are applied to a large‐scale real‐world problem. Compared to the current industry practice the model outcome eliminated all hard side‐constraint violations and reduced the total objective value (travel costs and soft side‐constraint violation penalties) by 66.8%.     

The ability of zinc to inhibit the sporulation and viability of Clostridium sporogenes and growth of other bacteria

The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of zinc on the sporulation and viability of Clostridium sporogenes and on the growth of other bacteria. When 0.5% ZnCl₂ was added to a sporulation medium, it completely inhibited C. sporogenes (PA 3679) sporulation for up to 3 weeks. At concentrations of 0.5% and 1.0%, ZnCl₂ not only completely inactivated the vegetative cell viability (>7.0 Log reduction) but also significantly reduced the spore viability (<2.1 Log reduction) of C. sporogenes. Taken together, it was concluded that zinc blocks C. sporogenes sporulation by damaging (or killing) vegetative cells and probably by interfering with the biosynthesis of spore components. In addition to the inhibitory effect on the sporulation and viability of C. sporogenes, ZnCl₂ was found to have a broad antimicrobial spectrum against all Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative spoilage and pathogenic bacteria tested. The minimal inhibitory concentration for inhibiting the bacteria ranged between 3.7 and 7.4 mm . Therefore, we expect that this compound or a combination thereof has a potential as a surface‐cleaning agent or disinfectant.     

时效处理对7022铝合金学性生能和导电率的影响

采用光学显微镜、洛氏硬度仪、万能材料试验机和导电率测试仪等研究了时效处理对7022铝合金力学性能和导电率的影响.结果 表明:经过470℃固溶处理420 min后的合金的显微硬度为71.3 HRB,导电率为28.0％IACS,抗拉强度为525.5 MPa,伸长率为11.25％;时效处理过程中,合金的显微硬度、抗拉强度和导电率随着时效时间的增加呈现先升高后降低的变化趋势,而伸长率则与它们呈相反的变化趋势.150℃时效14 h后合金的硬度和导电率分别为89.5 HRB和31.2 ％IACS,110℃时效10h后抗拉强度达到峰值,为607.85MPa.综合考虑7022合金的导电率与力学性能,其最佳热处理制度为470℃固溶420 min+ 150℃时效14 h,此时合金的硬度值为89.5 HRB,导电率为31.2 ％IACS,抗拉强度为595.73 MPa,合金力学性能和导电率的变化为时效时间和时效温度综合作用的结果.     

Enhancement of Strength–Ductility Balance of the Laser Melting Deposited 12CrNi2 Alloy Steel Via Multi-step Quenching Treatment

A ferrite–austenite 12CrNi2 alloy steel additively manufactured by laser melting deposition(LMD) was heat treated by direct quenching(DQ) and tempering inter-critical quenching(TIQ) at 800 ℃ for enhancing its strength–ductility balance. Both heat-treated alloy steels have the martensite–ferrite dual-phase(DP) microstructures. The volume fractions of martensite in the two treated alloy steels are nearly similar(～ 85 vol%), while the sizes of the prior austenitic grain for martensite are different. The martensite-dominated DP microstructure resulted in an obvious improvement in strength–ductility balance of the alloy steel. Compared with the DQ treatment, the multi-step TIQ treatment caused the strength–ductility balance of the alloy steel to be enhanced due to its higher total elongation. The better ductility of the TIQ-treated alloy steel can be attributed to the optimization of the microstructure. The preferred orientation of ferritic grain in the as-deposited alloy steel which was adverse to plastic deformation through dislocation slip was eliminated via the multi-step TIQ treatment. Moreover, the TIQ treatment promoted the formation of finer-grained martensite with larger areas of grain boundaries and twinning boundaries which resulted in the enhancement of the coordinated deformability of the martensite with the ferrite.     

Synchronously Improving the Thermal Conductivity and Mechanical Properties of Al-Si-Fe-Mg-Cu-Zn Alloy Die Castings Through Ultrasonic-Assisted Rheoforming

An ultrasonic vibration-assisted air-cooled stirring rod process (ACSR + UV) was used to efficiently prepare a large-volume semisolid slurry with a mass of more than 40 kg.A low-cost Al-Si-Fe-Mg-Cu-Zn die-casted alloy with high thermal conductivity,high plasticity and medium strength was developed.The alloy was used to manufacture large,thin-walled parts for 5G base stations by using the ACSR + UV rheological die-casting (ACSR + UV R-DC) process.Investigations were performed on the microstructure,porosity,mechanical properties,fracture behaviour and thermal conductivity of the ACSR + UV R-DC alloy,which was then compared to traditionally die-casted (T-DC) and ACSR R-DC alloys.The mecha-nisms for the microstructural refinement and enhancement of the mechanical and thermal conductivity performances of the ACSR + UV R-DC alloy were also analysed.The results showed that the ACSR + UV process increased the nucleation rate of the melt due to the increase in the nucleation area and the generation of cavitation bubbles.A radial-and an axial-forced convection was also generated inside the melt under the combined effects of acoustic flow and mechanical stirring,thereby homogenising the melt composition field and the temperature field.Therefore,the ACSR + UV R-DC process not only refined the primary α-Al (α1-Al),the eutectic silicon and the secondary α-Al (α2-Al),but also greatly improved the mor-phology and the distribution of the β-Al5FeSi phase.The mechanical properties of the ACSR + UV R-DC alloy were higher than those of the T-DC and the ACSR R-DC alloys.Compared to the T-DC alloy,the ultimate tensile strength,elongation and yield strength of the ACSR + UV R-DC alloy were increased by 34％,122％ and 19％,respectively.This was because the ACSR + UV R-DC technique gave the alloy the characteristics of high density,fine spherical α1-Al grain and a fine and uniform β-phase,which improved the fracture behaviour of the alloy.The thermal conductivity of the ACSR + UV R-DC alloy was 184 W/(m K),which was 10.2％ and 3.4％ higher than that of T-DC and ACSR R-DC alloys,respectively.This was because the refined eutectic silicon and β phases in the ACSR + UV R-DC alloy facilitated an easier electron flow through the eutectic region,and the decrease in porosity increased the effective area of heat conduction.     

Effect of Ge-GeO2 co-doping on non-ohmic behaviour of TiO2-V2O5-Y2O3 varistor ceramics

An investigation was made into the effect of doping with the elemental crystal Ge or/and GeO₂ on the TiO₂-V₂O₅-Y₂O₃ varistor ceramics. The result shows that as the doping contents of V₂O₅ and Y₂O₃ are 0.5 mol%, respectively, co-doping with 0.3 mol% Ge and 0.9 mol% GeO₂ makes the highest α value (α = 12.8), the lowest breakdown voltage V_1mA (V_1mA = 15.8 V/mm) and the highest grain boundary barrier Φ_B (Φ_B = 1.48 eV), which is remarkably superior to the TiO₂-V₂O₅-Y₂O₃ varistor ceramics undoped with Ge and GeO₂ and mono-doped with Ge or GeO₂. The TiO₂-V₂O₅-Y₂O₃-Ge-GeO₂ ceramic has the prospect of becoming a novel varistor ceramic with excellent electrical properties.     

基于模糊自适应PID的SR电机DITC系统仿真研究

针对开关磁阻电机采用传统控制方法存在转矩脉动大、调速系统性能低的缺点,本文提出了直接瞬时转矩控制(DITC)与模糊自适应PID控制器结合的新方法。通过瞬时转矩闭环控制抑制转矩脉动,应用模糊理论根据电机运行情况在线自调节PID的参数改善系统调速性能。仿真结果表明,DITC控制方法对转矩脉动的抑制效果明显优于传统PWM控制和直接转矩控制方法,模糊自适应PID控制器的引入又能使调速系统具有超调小、转速稳定时间短、鲁棒性强的优点。     

大点数FFT算法C6678多核DSP的并行实现

随着数字信号处理平台发展趋向大计算量、大带宽、高集成度的特点,单核DSP器件渐渐不能满足日益增加的复杂度及实时性要求,多片处理器并行处理的模式将逐渐被广泛应用。基于TI推出的高性能8核处理器TMS320C6678,以大点数FFT算法分解及并行实现为例,介绍了多核DSP的KeyStone架构特点,多核处理器的任务管理和分配方式,快速内存访问EDMA的实现以及核间通信(IPC)机制。最后对算法结果及算法的实时性能进行分析,该算例说明TMS320C6678多核DSP具有卓越的运算性能。     

氢氧化铝含量对硅橡胶结构及憎水恢复性的影响

氢氧化铝(ATH)作为阻燃剂是复合绝缘子硅橡胶的基本原料。为研究ATH含量对硅橡胶结构和憎水恢复性的影响,炼制ATH质量分数分别为40%、45%、50%和55%的硅橡胶试样,对试样进行正电子寿命谱、邵氏硬度测试,及5 min Ar等离子体老化实验。结果表明:ATH质量分数从40%增加到55%时,次长寿命强度I3从7.8%下降到6.1%,而最长寿命强度I4从24.8%锐减至18.6%。随ATH质量分数增加,硅橡胶中2种自由体积的尺寸基本不变;但ATH颗粒容易发生团聚,这些颗粒占据了分子链运动空间,限制了大分子链的运动,使得大尺寸自由体积数量减少,特别是使大尺寸孔洞的数量锐减。邵氏硬度随ATH质量分数增大而变大,说明样品由弹性体朝无机体转变。经相同等离子体处理时间后,硅橡胶憎水恢复速度随ATH质量分数增加而减慢,结合正电子湮没寿命结果可知,ATH的加入限制了体系内硅橡胶分子链的运动,自由体积数量减少,使得小分子输送通道变少。