Inhibitory effects of manganeous,cadmium and zinc ions on hydrogen evolution reaction and corrosion of iron in sulphuric acid solutions

The presence of metal ions (Cd²⁺, Mn²⁺, Zn²⁺), more electronegative than the cathodic potential for the hydrogen evolution reaction on iron in a 0.25M H₂SO₄ solution, inhibits the hydrogen evolution reaction and corrosion of iron. This effect has been explained as the under-potential deposition of the adatoms of these metals on iron.     

COUPLED PROBLEM OF THERMODIFFUSION IN VISCOELASTIC BODIES

This paper deals with the effect of the process of thermodiffusion in viscoelastic bodies. The basic linear coupled equations of the problem are derived, and possibilities for their simplification are indicated. A method for their solution is demonstrated and then applied to the case of a viscoelastic layer.     

Modified self-propagating high-temperature synthesis of nanosized La0.7Ca0.3MnO3

A modified solid-state combustion route was developed for the preparation of nanocrystalline manganite La_0.7Ca_0.3MnO₃ in a single-step process, using metal nitrates and glucose/KNO₃ redox mixture. The obtained sample was found to crystallize within O′ type of orthorhombic perovskite structure (space group Pnma), without the presence of other structural phases or impurities. Nanoparticles are found to have particle size in the range 12–35 nm, and to be highly crystalline without the presence of amorphous surface layer. Magnetic measurements show that nanoparticles display bulk-like magnetic properties, with ferromagnetic phase transition at 125 K and the absence of superparamagnetic or spin-glass behavior.     

Numerical Method for Calculation of Complete Casting Processes—Part I: Theory

This article presents a method for calculation of the complete casting process, including the pouring of the liquid metal into the mold, its solidification, the deformation of the solidified cast, the formation of airgaps between the cast and the mold and their influence on the heat transfer, and the residual stresses. An original phase-change procedure is developed, valid for an arbitrary number of pure metals and/or alloys. A collocated version of a segregated finite-volume method is used to calculate both the liquid metal flow and the deformations and stresses in solids.     

Proving termination of nonlinear command sequences

We describe a simple and efficient algorithm for proving the termination of a class of loops with nonlinear assignments to variables. The method is based on divergence testing for each variable in the cone-of-influence of the loop’s condition. The analysis allows us to automatically prove the termination of loops that cannot be handled using previous techniques. We also describe a method for integrating our nonlinear termination proving technique into a larger termination proving framework that depends on linear reasoning.     

The effect of contingency analysis on the nodal prices in the day-ahead market

We look at the effect of modeling branch-outage contingencies on locational marginal prices. To model contingencies in the day-ahead auction, we formulate a two-stage stochastic program. Rather than follow the current practice of including a list of possible contingencies that must be satisfied, we incorporate a larger set of contingencies in the model and allow contingencies to result in load reductions/outages at a cost. The model can be used and interpreted in two ways. One is to look at the tradeoff between reliability and outage costs. Another is to consider the load losses resulting from a contingency to be consumer offers of load reductions in response to line outages as part of the day-ahead auction. In analyzing the model structure, we find that the prices in the model closer in definition to those currently used in the day-ahead auction do not maximize expected surplus because the day-ahead auction produces prices that assume shortages will never occur. This raises issues with the design of auctions with important stochastic elements in the market. We present results for a 68-node grid with 86 branches (lines and transformers) to illustrate how prices and expected values change as the costs of outages are varied.     

Change detection for new food labels

The amount of information on food packages (e.g., environment- and health-related) has increased in Europe and other regions in recent years. It is therefore important to understand to what extent this information attracts the attention of and is processed by consumers, considering characteristics of the product information as well as person-specific variables such as age. In two studies we tested whether the change detection task is a useful paradigm for studying how individuals attend to and process recently introduced formats and contents of food labels. In the change detection tasks presented here, 133 participants were shown two photographs of a food package that differed in one label and were asked to identify as quickly as possible which information was constantly changing. We found systematic differences in change detection times for different types of product label content and format, representing the amount of attention habitually paid to the specific labels. Interestingly, the detection times for each label did not correlate with participants’ self-report measures of how much attention they give to this specific label during typical grocery shopping. In both studies we also found a positive correlation between age and time needed to detect change in label format and content, but only for labels that were introduced on packages in recent years (such as the ‘organic’ label) not on longer established information (such as the ‘best-before’ date).     

Croatia

Abstract

When we speak about early photography in Yugoslavia, we must bear in mind the geographical and political situation of the country at the time when photography appeared. In the 19th century, Croatia, today one of the six Yugoslav federal republics, was a part of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy. So was Slovenia and, in the latter part of the century, Bosnia and Hercegovina, while Serbia and Montenegro had emerged from the disintegration of the Ottoman empire as small independent states. In this survey we shall consider the beginnings of photography in Croatia, not just because that aspect has been studied the most, but because Croatia's special position within the boundaries of Austria-Hungary led to a correspondingly rapid development of photography in this area, as compared with other Slav lands in the south.