Recording of holographic diffraction gratings in photopolymers: Theoretical modelling and real-time monitoring of grating growth

Abstract

Recording of holographic volume diffraction gratings in Du Pont's photopolymer HRS-150 is studied theoretically and experimentally. Particular attention is paid to the dynamics of the recording process. The temporal evolution of holographic gratings is monitored for a range of illumination intensities in two ways: (i) by means of a multiple-exposure approach when intensity profiles of recording beams are uniform, many holographic exposures are necessary and each exposure is carried out for a particular value of the total illumination intensity; (ii) by means of a single-exposure approach when intensity profiles of recording beams are strongly Gaussian and a volume grating with spatially distributed diffraction efficiency arises, depending on a local (average) value of the total illumination intensity. The second approach proves to be a useful tool providing us very quickly with qualitative information about the dynamics of the recording process while the first one, which is much more time-consuming, is more reliable for quantitative evaluations. The grating evolution is analysed theoretically by means of the well known photopolymerization-diffusion model. Discrepancies are found between the model and experimental results for low illumination intensities while qualitative agreement is found for higher intensities. For a given grating period, the discrepancies are interpreted in terms of insufficient change of the refractive index due to photopolymerization for low illumination intensities.     

Integrodifferential approach to solution of eddy currents in linear structures with motion

A nonstandard integrodifferential approach to computation of eddy currents in linear structures with motion is presented. Described is a general continuous 3D model of the problem, together with the possibilities of forming corresponding numerical schemes. The methodology is illustrated by two examples.     

Identification of quasi-optimal regions in the design space using surrogate modeling

The use of Surrogate Based Optimization (SBO) is widely spread in engineering design to find optimal performance characteristics of expensive simulations (forward analysis: from input to optimal output). However, often the practitioner knows a priori the desired performance and is interested in finding the associated input parameters (reverse analysis: from desired output to input). A popular method to solve such reverse (inverse) problems is to minimize the error between the simulated performance and the desired goal. However, there might be multiple quasi-optimal solutions to the problem. In this paper, the authors propose a novel method to efficiently solve inverse problems and to sample Quasi-Optimal Regions (QORs) in the input (design) space more densely. The development of this technique, based on the probability of improvement criterion and kriging models, is driven by a real-life problem from bio-mechanics, i.e., determining the elasticity of the (rabbit) tympanic membrane, a membrane that converts acoustic sound wave into vibrations of the middle ear ossicular bones.     

Using non-food information to identify food-choice segment membership

Food companies, governments, and societal organizations use an increasing number of food-choice motives to persuade consumers to buy food products, and the question which combinations of motives matter for which type of consumer has become of central relevance. In this study, we use a concomitant mixture-modeling approach to uncover consumer segments in terms of food-choice motives, using a nationwide sample in the Netherlands. The results reveal seven segments with distinct profiles and demonstrate that age and membership of environmental organizations play an essential role in segment membership probabilities. Our findings support the idea that information about non-food-related consumer behavior improves the identification of segments. In an additional analysis, we demonstrate how organizational membership also provides an effective way to access consumer segments as compared to diverse media outlets. We discuss the implications of our findings for segmentation practice.     

Geotechnical Problems of Cultural Heritage due to Floods

Flood events demonstrate devastating effects not only on materials and structures in contact with flowing surface water. Equally important is the behavior of foundations in interaction with subsoil. This contribution gives an overview of different phenomena which arise in subsoil and at the foundation level during the groundwater rise accompanied by several case histories related to cultural heritage. Possible geotechnical measures are discussed as well.     

Radiosensitization of Human Leukemic HL-60 Cells by ATR Kinase Inhibitor (VE-821): Phosphoproteomic Analysis

DNA damaging agents such as ionizing radiation or chemotherapy are frequently used in oncology. DNA damage response (DDR)—triggered by radiation-induced double strand breaks—is orchestrated mainly by three Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related kinases (PIKKs): Ataxia teleangiectasia mutated (ATM), DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) and ATM and Rad3-related kinase (ATR). Their activation promotes cell-cycle arrest and facilitates DNA damage repair, resulting in radioresistance. Recently developed specific ATR inhibitor, VE-821 (3-amino-6-(4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl)-N-phenylpyrazine-2-carboxamide), has been reported to have a significant radio- and chemo-sensitizing effect delimited to cancer cells (largely p53-deficient) without affecting normal cells. In this study, we employed SILAC-based quantitative phosphoproteomics to describe the mechanism of the radiosensitizing effect of VE-821 in human promyelocytic leukemic cells HL-60 (p53-negative). Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC)-prefractionation with TiO₂-enrichment and nano-liquid chromatography—tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis revealed 9834 phosphorylation sites. Proteins with differentially up-/down-regulated phosphorylation were mostly localized in the nucleus and were involved in cellular processes such as DDR, all phases of the cell cycle, and cell division. Moreover, sequence motif analysis revealed significant changes in the activities of kinases involved in these processes. Taken together, our data indicates that ATR kinase has multiple roles in response to DNA damage throughout the cell cycle and that its inhibitor VE-821 is a potent radiosensitizing agent for p53-negative HL-60 cells.     

Spectrophotometric investigation of the copolymerization of styrene or methyl methacrylate with 1,8‐naphthalimide dyes

The copolymerization of styrene or methyl methacrylate with 1,8‐naphthalimide dyes to yield fluorescent side‐group copolymers was investigated. During copolymerization, no changes occurred in the chromophoric systems of the dyes. Colorimetrically, it was found that more that 0.90% of the dyes were chemically bonded to the polymer chain. The effect of polymer coloration was proven by appropriate coloristic characterization. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 81: 2463–2470, 2001     

Effects of solid retention time on anaerobic digestion of dewatered-sewage sludge in mesophilic and thermophilic conditions

Anaerobic digestion of dewatered-sewage sludge using continuous stirred tank reactors (CSTRs) in duplicates was evaluated under thermophilic (50 °C) and mesophilic (37 °C) conditions over a range of nine solid retention times (SRTs). The 35- and 30-day SRTs were designed to simulate a full-scale plant operation while 25-, 20-, 15- and 12-day SRTs were planned to evaluate process performance at the various SRTs. The 9-, 5- and 3-day SRTs were performed to push the reactors to extend their degradation capacity and test the threshold for process imbalance. The corresponding organic loading rates (OLR) varied from 1.6 to 20.5 kg VS m^?3 day^?1. Biogas production rate could be tripled when the SRT was shortened from 30 to 12 days and more than doubled from 35- to 15-day SRT because of a concomitant increase in OLR. In general, higher biogas productivity was realized under thermophilic, but methane yields were comparable due to the higher methane content in the biogas under mesophilic digestion. The methane content in biogas fluctuated between 55 and 65% and the methane yield ranged from 0.314 to 0.348 Nm³ CH₄ kg VS_added^?1 day^?1 for both thermophilic and mesophilic digestion. The VS-reduction at 12- and 15-day SRT ranged from 45 to 52% and there was no accumulation of VFAs. Increasing concentrations of VFAs, decreasing concentration of partial alkalinity and decrease in pH were noted as signs of reactor instability. Process imbalance started at 9-day SRT, souring of the reactors, cell wash-out and foaming was noted as the principal causes of process failure under both thermophilic and mesophilic conditions. This study projected the possibility of using CSTRs in treating dewatered-sewage sludge at a shorter SRT to achieve reasonable biogas production and VS-reduction without encountering adverse operation conditions as foaming and wash-out of cells.     

The formation of international innovation networks in the multinational corporation: an evolutionary perspective

The internationalization of technological capabilities in themultinational corporation has produced a growing number of conceptualframeworks that emphasize the ability to leverage innovationactivities in the international innovation network. In particular,it has been stressed that increasingly complex and diverse structuresgenerally provide opportunities to integrate and recombine knowledgeacross geographically dispersed units. The present study suggeststhat conceptual work has paid insufficient attention to therelationship between process and structure in the evolving internationalinnovation network. An in-depth, longitudinal study of ASEA/BrownBoveri/ABB underlines the importance of considering historicalgrowth processes and firm-specific events in evaluating themultinational's ability to integrate and recombine knowledgeon a global basis.