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101.
Acidic cesium salts Csx
H3-xPW12O40 have been prepared by grinding together amounts of H3PW12O40 and porous Cs3PW12O40 compounds in varying stoichiometries. It is shown that this procedure leads to a dispersion of the acid on top of the high
surface area Cs3PW12O40 salt (160 m2 g-1), and, subsequently, yields high surface area materials which exhibit a much higher catalytic activity for n-butane isomerisation at 473 K when compared with samples prepared directly by chemical precipitation. This improvement holds
particularly true with low Cs content (x < 2).
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
102.
Ligand‐Free Synthesis of Aluminum‐Doped Zinc Oxide Nanocrystals and their Use as Optical Spacers in Color‐Tuned Highly Efficient Organic Solar Cells
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Meriem Gaceur Sadok Ben Dkhil David Duché Fatima Bencheikh Jean‐Jacques Simon Ludovic Escoubas Mahdi Mansour Antonio Guerrero Germà Garcia‐Belmonte Xianjie Liu Mats Fahlman Walid Dachraoui Abdou Karim Diallo Christine Videlot‐Ackermann Olivier Margeat Jörg Ackermann 《Advanced functional materials》2016,26(2):243-253
The color of polymer solar cells using an opaque electrode is given by the reflected light, which depends on the composition and thickness of each layer of the device. Metal‐oxide‐based optical spacers are intensively studied in polymer solar cells aiming to optimize the light absorption. However, the low conductivity of materials such as ZnO and TiO2 limits the thickness of such optical spacers to tenths of nanometers. A novel synthesis route of cluster‐free Al‐doped ZnO (AZO) nanocrystals (NCs) is presented for solution processing of highly conductive layers without the need of temperature annealing, including thick optical spacers on top of polymer blends. The processing of 80 nm thick optical spacers based on AZO nanocrystal solutions on top of 200 nm thick polymer blend layer is demonstrated leading to improved photocurrent density of 17% compared to solar cells using standard active layers of 90 nm in combination with thin ZnO‐based optical spacers. These AZO NCs also open new opportunities for the processing of high‐efficiency color tuned solar cells. For the first time, it is shown that applying solution‐processed thick optical spacer with polymer blends of different thicknesses can process solar cells of similar efficiency over 7% but of different colors. 相似文献
103.
A Complete Separation of Hexane Isomers by a Functionalized Flexible Metal Organic Framework
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Patricia A. P. Mendes Patricia Horcajada Sébastien Rives Hong Ren Alírio E. Rodrigues Thomas Devic Emmanuel Magnier Philippe Trens Hervé Jobic Jacques Ollivier Guillaume Maurin Christian Serre José A. C. Silva 《Advanced functional materials》2014,24(48):7666-7673
The separation ability of branched alkane isomers (nHEX, 3MP, 22DMB) of the flexible and functionalized microporous iron(III) dicarboxylate MIL‐53(Fe)‐(CF3)2 solid is evaluated through a combination of breakthrough experiments (binary or ternary mixtures), adsorption isotherms, X‐ray diffraction temperature analysis, quasi‐elastic neutron scattering measurements and molecular dynamics simulations. A kinetically controlled molecular sieve separation between the di‐branched isomer of hexane 22DMB from a mixture of paraffins is achieved. The reported total separation between mono‐ and di‐branched alkanes which was neither predicted nor observed so far in any class of porous solids is spectacular and paves the way towards a potential unprecedented upgrading of the RON of gasoline. 相似文献
104.
Nathalie Dupuy Oswin Galtier Yveline Le Drau Christian Pinatel Jacky Kister Jacques Artaud 《European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology》2010,112(4):463-475
Chemometric treatment of near‐infrared (NIR) and mid‐infrared (MIR) combined spectra was used firstly to predict oil and water contents in fresh olive fruit samples (n = 223) and secondly to classify these samples into five principal French cultivar origins (Aglandau, Cailletier, Olivière, Salonenque, and Tanche). The study was carried out during four crop years (2005/2006 to 2008/2009) to take into account the seasonal variations. The comparison of the results obtained in the combined range (REP = 2.6% for the water content and 3.5% for the oil content) provides an obvious advantage compared to the NIR and MIR techniques used separately. Fresh olive fruit cultivars were satisfactorily classified with the partial least squares‐discriminant analysis (PLS‐DA) method in the combined range. After use of the K‐means clustering on the PLS‐DA scores, all the samples were well classified into their five groups of origin. The use of infrared combined spectra allows a considerable improvement in estimating olive fruit quality (oil and water contents, varietal origins). 相似文献
105.
A. Darquennes M.I.A. Khokhar E. Rozière A. Loukili F. Grondin S. Staquet 《Construction and Building Materials》2011,25(4):1836-1847
Under the project “EcoBéton” (Green concrete) funded by the French National Agency (ANR), concrete mixtures with a high quantity of mineral additions, such as blast-furnace slag and fly ash were studied. A first approach to quantify their cracking risk was to measure their plastic shrinkage evolution. In parallel, the evolution of other parameters such as setting, capillary depression and porosity were also monitored to relate this deformation to the evolution of the microstructure of the studied mixtures. Setting monitoring by means of ultrasonic measurements allows obtaining significant macroscopic information such as hardening process and rigidity evolution. The correlation between these different parameters shows that the plastic shrinkage evolution can be divided into three phases driven by different mechanisms. Moreover, it appears that the use of mineral additions has an effect on the plastic shrinkage behaviour, but this impact is not proportional to the percentage of additions. It depends on the hydration process and the microstructure of the cementitious materials. So, it seems that an optimum content of cement replacement by mineral additions must be sought to limit the development of plastic shrinkage of concretes with mineral additions at early age. However, a high rate of substitution of cement may affect the early age compressive strength of the concrete. So these mixtures were also optimised to obtain a significant compressive strength at an early age, but this optimisation leads to a higher risk of cracking for some of them. 相似文献
106.
This paper analyses motorcycle educational content in a number of French motorcycle schools on the basis of a naturalistic study of riders’ and trainers’ behaviour. The aim is to specify the situations delivered in motorcycle schools and to study the rider's activity in these situations. The methodology includes ethnographic observation within the motorcycle schools and the longitudinal monitoring of 14 trainee motorcyclists during their initial training. The training situations were described by the combination of audio–visual recordings and interviews data (i.e. concomitant or interruptive verbalization, and self-confrontation data). The results permit to (1) compare the “real” and “official” durations of track and on-road training, (2) characterize the real training situations, (3) describe the preferred forms of instruction, and (4) conduct an in-depth analysis of the situations used during training in traffic. The discussion show, in first, the poverty of the training situations which are based on the repetition of the exercises in the test, and, in second, disparities between the riding situations encountered during training and the demands made by riding in natural traffic. The usefulness and the applications of this type of approach – based on the integration of the rider's point of view notably by self-confrontation interview – for understanding real riding behaviours and how such approaches could supplement vehicle-based data are discussed in a large conclusion. 相似文献
107.
David Conciatori Étienne Grégoire Éric Samson Jacques Marchand Luc Chouinard 《Materials and Structures》2014,47(1-2):89-103
Results of a statistical analysis of transport properties measurements carried out on a number of concrete mixtures are presented. Migration and drying experiments were performed to evaluate the ionic diffusion coefficients and permeability of concrete mixtures. Seven concrete mixtures were tested. The mixtures were either batched under laboratory conditions or sampled from construction sites. For each mixture, approximately eighty concrete samples from a single batch were tested. Ionic diffusion coefficients were calculated by analyzing the evolution of the electrical current passing through concrete samples during the migration tests. Calculations took into account the volume of permeable pores of the materials and the pore solution chemistry. Permeability was calculated from mass loss measured during drying tests. The study indicates that the coefficient of variation of ionic diffusion coefficients is 11.1 % on average, with a maximum of 23.5 %, and that the coefficient of variation of permeability is 20.6 % on average, with a maximum of 37.3 %. 相似文献
108.
Jacques Désautels 《Canadian Journal of Science, Mathematics, & Technology Education》2013,13(2):189-195
Résumé La métaphore du changement de guide proposée par Fensham (2002a) constitue un véritable faux‐fuyant. Cette solution aux présumés problèmes d'une alphabétisation technoscientifique pour tous et toutes fait l'impasse sur une interrogation plus générale à propos de la socialite des technosciences. Ainsi, l'auteur reconduit la séculaire séparation entre le monde de la science et celui de la société, qui justifie que seuls des ? experts ?, scientifiques ou sociétaux, puissent servir de médiateurs entre ces univers incommensurables. Il élimine donc d'emblée, en évoquant la complexité des problèmes, la possibilité pour les citoyens et les citoyennes ordinaires de s'engager dans les controverses sociotechniques qui traversent inévitablement nos sociétés. En conséquence, il se rabat sur une forme d'alphabétisation technoscientifique à deux vitesses ; l'une pour la populace, l'autre pour une élite qui, à terme, aura le privilège de pénétrer dans l'univers mystérieux et ésotérique de la science. Autrement dit, les contenus des curriculums pourront varier sans que la hiérarchie sociale des savoirs, de même que les pouvoirs forcément politiques des experts, soient menacés. 相似文献
109.
110.
Effects of Speeds,Materials, and Tool Rake Angles on Metallic Particle Emission During Orthogonal Cutting 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Riad Khettabi Victor Songmene Jacques Masounave 《Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance》2010,19(6):767-775
Dry high speed machining has been proposed as a viable and cost-effective process in metal cutting industries. However, it
produces fine and ultra-fine metallic particles, also referred to as dust, which can be harmful to the machine-tool operator.
The risk associated with exposure to metallic particles increases as the particle size decreases. For machining processes,
little data exist on the size and distribution of dust generated during the shaping of materials. In order to reduce or eliminate
the generation of these particles, it is necessary to understand how and under which conditions they are formed, as well as
to be able to make predictions. In this study, the effects exerted by tool geometry, material, and machining parameters on
dust emission were studied experimentally in order to understand the mechanisms of dust generation and to develop a predictive
model. The particle sizes studied include the PM2.5 (particles with aerodynamique diameter below 2.5 μm) and a distribution
of nanoparticles varying in size from 10 nm to 10 μm. Using dry machining and reducing the amount of dust generated should
improve the air quality in machine shops in addition to helping protect the environment. 相似文献