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991.
The development of poly(vinyl chloride) extrusions for a 14,000‐ton self‐supporting structure for the detection of neutrinos 下载免费PDF全文
James J. Grudzinski Richard L. Talaga Anna Pla‐Dalmau James E. Fagan Charles Grozis Karen Kephart Richard Fischer 《乙烯基与添加剂工艺杂志》2016,22(3):368-376
The NOvA Neutrino Experiment has built a one‐of‐a‐kind self‐supporting plastic structure, potentially the largest ever built. The poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) structure serves as a neutrino detector and is composed of 28 individual blocks that measure 15.5 m (51 feet) high by 15.5 m (51 feet) wide by 2.1 m (7 feet) deep. The primary parts in the detector construction are 15.5‐m (51‐foot), 16‐cell PVC extrusions. These extrusions form the basis of the detector modules, which are laminated together in a crossed pattern to form the individual blocks and then filled with (mineral oil)–based liquid scintillator. The self‐supporting nature of the detector places important structural requirements on both the PVC formulation and the extrusions. Block assembly requirements impose narrow geometric tolerances. Because of the method of detecting neutrinos, the extrusions must possess exceptionally high reflectivity over a particular wavelength range. This requirement places additional restrictions on the components of the PVC formulation. Altogether, the PVC extrusions have to maintain important reflectivity characteristics, provide structural support to the detector, and meet relatively tight geometric requirements for assembly. In order to meet these constraints, a custom PVC formulation had to be created and extruded. We describe the purpose and requirements of the NOvA detector leading to the production of our unique PVC extrusion, summarize the research and development process, and discuss the lessons learned. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 22:368–376, 2016. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers 相似文献
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P. Espinet‐Gonzlez C. Algora N. Núez V. Orlando M. Vzquez J. Bautista K. Araki 《Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications》2015,23(5):559-569
A temperature accelerated life test on commercial concentrator lattice‐matched GaInP/GaInAs/Ge triple‐junction solar cells has been carried out. The acceleration of the aging has been accomplished by subjecting the solar cells at temperatures markedly higher than the nominal working temperature inside a concentrator, and the nominal photo‐current condition (820 X) has been emulated by injecting current in darkness. Three tests at different temperatures have been carried out. The failure distributions across the three test temperatures have been fitted to an Arrhenius–Weibull model. An Arrhenius activation energy of 1.59 eV was determined from the fit. The reliability functions and parameters of these solar cells at two nominal working conditions (80 and 100 °C) have been obtained. In both cases, the instantaneous failure rate function monotonically increases, that is, the failures are of the wear‐out kind. We have also observed that the reliability data are very sensitive to the nominal temperature condition. In fact, at a nominal working condition of 820 X and 80 °C, assuming that the concentration module works 5 h per day, the warranty time obtained for a failure population of 5% has been 113 years. However, for a nominal working condition of 820 X and 100 °C, the warranty time obtained for a failure population of 5% has been 7 years. Therefore, in order to offer a long‐term warranty, the working temperature could be a key factor in the design of the concentration photovoltaic systems. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Dong‐Won Lee Won‐Ju Cho Jun‐Kwang Song Oh‐Yun Kwon Won‐Hee Lee Chi‐Hong Park Kyung‐Eun Park Heesoo Lee Yong‐Nam Kim 《Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications》2015,23(7):829-837
High‐temperature‐induced and humidity‐induced degradation behaviors were investigated through the failure analysis of encapsulated Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) modules and non‐encapsulated CIGS cells. After being exposed to high temperature (85 °C) for 1000 h, the efficiency loss of CIGS modules and the resistivities of the aluminum‐doped zinc oxide (AZO) layer, CIGS layer, and Mo layer were slightly increased. After damp heat (DH) testing (85 °C/85% RH), the efficiency of some modules decreased significantly accompanied by discoloration, and in these areas, the resistivity of the AZO layers increased markedly. The causes of degradation of CIGS cells after high temperature and DH tests were suggested through X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis. The high‐temperature‐induced degradation behaviors were revealed to be increases in series resistance of the CIGS cells, due to the adsorption of oxygen on the AZO, CIGS, and Mo layers. The degradation behavior after DH (85 °C/85% RH) exposure was caused by the adsorption of oxygen, as well as the generation of Zn(OH)2 due to water molecules. In particular, the humidity‐induced degradation behavior in discolored CIGS modules was ascribed to the generation of Zn(OH)2 and carboxylic acids in the AZO layer, due to a chemical reaction between the AZO, ethylene‐vinyl acetate copolymer, and water. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Wei‐Ming Guo Yang You Shang‐Hua Wu Hua‐Tay Lin 《Journal of the American Ceramic Society》2014,97(5):1359-1362
TiB2 powders were synthesized by borothermal reduction in nanoscale TiO2 with boron under vacuum. Reaction processes were investigated, and the effect of by‐product B2O3 was evaluated. Results showed that TiO2 was firstly reduced by boron to form TiBO3 and Ti2O3, and then to produce TiB2 and B2O3 with increasing temperature. The reaction processes of TiB2 powders synthesis included two‐step reduction in TiO2 by boron and the removal of B2O3. The presence of B2O3, which was previously reported as the most important factor in promoting the coarsening of ZrB2 and HfB2 powders by borothermal reduction, did not lead to significant coarsening of TiB2 powders. Due to the minor effect of B2O3, TiB2 powders with small particle size and low oxygen content could be prepared by direct heat treatment of TiO2 and boron at 1550°C under vacuum for 1 h. The particle size and oxygen content of synthesized TiB2 powders were ~0.9 μm and ~1.7 wt%, respectively. 相似文献
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Di Zhou Wen‐Bo Li Li‐Xia Pang Jing Guo Ze‐Ming Qi Tao Shao Zhen‐Xing Yue Xi Yao 《Journal of the American Ceramic Society》2014,97(11):3597-3601
Ag2MoO4 ceramic was prepared by using the solid‐state reaction method, which could be sintered at 450°C for 2 h, having a relative permittivity of 8.08, a Qf value of 17 000 GHz, and a temperature coefficient of resonance frequency about ?133 ppm/°C. Ag2MoO4 ceramic was chemically compatible with silver but reacted seriously with aluminum to form (Ag0.5Al0.5)MoO4 during the sintering. The fitting of infrared spectra and the Shannon's additive rule were employed to study intrinsic dielectric behaviors of the ceramics at microwave region. Ionic displacive polarization and the electronic polarization contributed almost equally to the dielectric permittivity of the ceramic at microwave region. The Ag2MoO4 ceramics could be a good candidate for ultra‐low temperature co‐fired microwave devices. 相似文献