洗发、护发用新型润肤剂的发泡、清洁及护理(续前)

2）香波洗涤条件 按照泡沫均质搅拌测试的要求备好香波样品,将样品加热至40℃后放入颗粒图像测量仪的玻璃贮液器。启动测量仪成像系统后,将发束放入配方液,浸泡约30s,随后清洗30s,风干。     

Shift catalysts in biomass generated synthesis gas

One of the CHRISGAS project objectives is to study the shift catalysts in biomass-generated synthesis gas. The water gas shift reaction is ruled by equilibrium, and the state of the gas can for a given H₂/CO ratio be shifted by addition/removal of water, CO₂ and/or by a change in the temperature. Stability area in respect to gas composition, sulphur content, pressure and temperature for FeCr shift catalyst has been investigated by thermodynamic equilibrium calculations. The calculations show that carbide formation is favourable in the “Normal water” case without sulphur in the gas. If sulphur is present in the gas, the situation improves due to sulphide formation.     

Oligomer and Polymer Formation in Hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane (D<Subscript>3</Subscript>) – Hydrosilane Systems Under Catalysis by tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane

Summary Reactions of hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane, D₃, with 1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane, ^HMM^H, 1,1,1,3,3-pentamethyldisiloxane, ^HMM, phenyldimethylsilane and phenylmethylsilane catalyzed by tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane were studied. These reactions lead to ring opening of D₃ by the SiH reactant producing open chain oligomers with hydrosilane functionality at one or both chain ends. The reactivity of the hydrosilanes toward D₃ decreases in the series: PhMeSiH₂ > ^HMM^H > PhMe₂SiH > ^HMM. Competitive self-oligomerization of ^HMM^H and ^HMM also occurs. Primary products of these processes are able to enter into reactions with the SiH and D₃ reactants; some also undergo cyclization. Thus, consecutive and competitive processes lead to a series of various oligohomologues. Gas chromatography in conjunction with chemical ionization mass spectroscopy permitted identification of structure and determination of the basic directions of these oligomerization processes. Polysiloxanes of higher molecular weight may be also formed in some of these systems. The reactions, which occur in the systems studied, are rationalized on the basis of the mechanism involving the hydride transfer from silicon to trivalent boron. This includes the transient formation of tertiary trisilyloxonium borate which decomposes by the hydride transfer to one of the silicon atoms of the trisilyloxonium center. Footnote: This paper is dedicated to Professor Ian Manners in recognition of his significant contributions to the field of organometallic polymers.     

Effect of artificial aging on intergranular corrosion of extruded AlMgSi alloy with small Cu content

The effect of artificial aging parameters on the corrosion performance of air cooled AlMgSi(Cu) model alloy extrusions was investigated. Accelerated corrosion test revealed that the extrusions were highly susceptible to intergranular corrosion (IGC) in the naturally aged condition. However, IGC susceptibility was reduced, and finally eliminated, by artificial aging. Overaging introduced slight pitting susceptibility. EDS X-ray mapping in FE-TEM revealed Mg₂Si and Q-phase (Al₄Cu₂Mg₈Si₇) grain boundary precipitates and a continuous Cu-enriched grain boundary film. IGC susceptibility was related to the Cu-enriched grain boundary film. Increased IGC resistance was caused by coarsening of the grain boundary film by aging. Pitting susceptibility by over aging evolved due to coarsening of the Q-phase particles in the grain bodies.     

Anion binding involving pi-acidic heteroaromatic rings

Anions are essential species in biological systems and, particularly, in enzyme-substrate recognition. Therefore, the design and preparation of anion receptors is a topical field of supramolecular chemistry. Most host-guest systems successfully developed are based on noncovalent (ionic and hydrogen-bonded) interactions between anions and ammonium-type functionalities or Lewis acid groups. However, since the past 5 years, an alternative route toward the synthesis of efficient anion hosts has emerged, namely, the use of "anion-pi" interactions involving nitrogen-containing electron-deficient aromatic rings, as the result of several favorable theoretical investigations. In this Account, the state of the (new) art in this growing area of anion-binding research is presented and several selected examples from our work and that of other groups will be discussed.     

Analytical Determination of the Distribution of Polishing Time over the Surface of Polished Tiles

Several kinds of glossiness pattern can be seen on the surface of porcelain stoneware tiles right after the polishing process, as a function of the kinematics performed by the polishing heads. For the newest generation of industrial polishing trains, where a transverse oscillation is included, there is still a great need for literature about the resulting patterns. This paper intends to find the spatial distribution of time under polishing analytically using the kinematics equations involved in the polishing process. The measured values of glossiness collected from three polished tiles are also presented. The importance of adopting a good kinematics for the polishing process has been highlighted, and the equations developed herein are useful tools for further attempts at optimizing the polishing process.     

High-pressure catalytic and thermal cracking of polyethylene

The thermal cracking and catalytic cracking processes of low-density polyethylene were studied in a closed autoclave. The compositions of gaseous and liquid products were analysed by means of GC/FID and GS/MS chromatographic methods. The fractional composition of liquid products was found by distillation. Increased temperature of PE depolymerisation process increases the production of gaseous products and low-boiling liquid compounds; more aromatic hydrocarbons are formed instead of alkenes. When a lower temperature and longer time are adopted for the process to reach the assumed conversion, more straight chained hydrocarbons are produced. The acidic aluminosilicate catalyst yields more low-boiling liquid fractions, more isoalkanes and more aromatics. The neutral alumina is favourable for the production of alkenes and vacuum gas oil fraction in comparison to a non-catalytic process. The Ni–Mo/Al₂O₃ catalyst is efficient in hydrogenation of depolymerisation products. The reaction products contain only saturated compounds then and no aromatics are formed.     

High mobility n-channel organic field-effect transistors based on soluble C60 and C70 fullerene derivatives

We report on n-channel organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) based on the solution processable methanofullerenes [6,6]-phenyl-C₆₁-butyric acid ester ([60]PCBM) and [6,6]-phenyl-C₇₁-butyric acid methyl ester ([70]PCBM). Despite the fact that both derivatives form glassy films when processed from solution, their electron mobilities are high and on the order of 0.21 cm²/V s and 0.1 cm²/V s, for [60]PCBM and [70]PCBM, respectively. Although the derived mobility of [60]PCBM is comparable to the best values reported in the literature, the electron mobility of [70]PCBM is the highest value reported to date for any C₇₀ based molecule. We note that this is the only report in which C₆₀ and C₇₀ methanofullerenes exhibit comparable electron mobilities. The present findings could have significant implications in the area of large-area organic electronics and organic photovoltaics where C₆₀ derivatives have so far been the most widely used electron acceptor materials.     

Optimization of demand-related packaging sizes using a p-median approach

The determining of efficient packaging sizes is a key factor in saving material and transportation costs and also in reducing packaging waste. By analyzing the range of items and their contribution to sales-relevant order structures of a globally operating mail order company, a simplified packing algorithm is proposed. In combination with well-known methodologies, this heuristic provides near optimal solutions improving current packaging of eCommerce companies. It is shown that simple, practical heuristics are sufficient to achieve average material savings of more than 10 %. In order to find efficient packaging sizes, a set of them is generated by discretization of packaging dimensions. Given the set of orders and the set of packaging sizes, a p-median approach is applied to find a specified number of optimal, demand-related packaging sizes.     

紫外分光光度法测定PAN纤维中的DMSO含量

用蒸馏水为萃取剂萃取出聚丙烯腈纤维中的DMSO,然后用紫外分光光度法测定其含量。测定的最佳线性浓度为:4．5× 10-10～1．6×10-9mol／L,DMSO最大吸收波长为208 nm, 检测限为1．9×10-9 mol/L,相关系数为0．999 8,相对标准偏差小于0．5％;与其它常用的测定方法相比,解决了从纤维中分离DMSO的难题,具有简便、快速、准确和低成本的特点。