High performance CMOS current comparator

A new high-speed CMOS current comparator is described. By changing the buffer of an existing comparator from class B to class AB operation, voltage swings are reduced, resulting in greater speed for small input currents. Simulation results employing a 1.6μm CMOS technology show the response time to a 0.1μA input current to be 11ns and the power dissipation to be 1.4mW, resulting in a five times improvement in speed/power ratio over existing high-speed current comparators     

Effect of glutamine on protein synthesis in isolated intestinal epithelial cells

The purpose of this study was to determine the etiologic factors of denture stomatitis. Fifteen subjects with clinical evidence of localized simple denture stomatitis, fifteen subjects without clinical signs of denture stomatitis, and forty-five subjects with clinical evidence of generalized simple denture stomatitis were investigated clinically and mycologically. Subjects were evaluated according to age, sex, duration of denture usage, smoking habits, frequency of denture brushing, overnight denture wearing, pH level of saliva and degree of candidal colonization and candidal formation. Salivary samples and swabs were taken from the palate and the mucosal surfaces of the dentures investigated mycologically in order to identify the yeast colonies. Smears were taken from the palate and investigated in order to identify candidal formation. No statistically significant relationship was found between denture stomatitis and age, sex, duration of denture usage, frequency of denture brushing, overnight denture wearing or pH level of saliva. There was however, a statistically significant relationship between denture stomatitis and denture hygiene, smoking habits, candidal colonization and candidal formation.     

Crystal structures of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium 3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase and comparison with their thermophilic counterpart from Thermus thermophilus

The basis of protein stability has been investigated by the structural comparison of themophilic enzymes with their mesophilic counterparts. A number of characteristics have been found that can contribute to the stabilization of thermophilic proteins, but no one is uniquely capable of imparting thermostability. The crystal structure of 3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase (IPMDH) from the mesophiles Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium have been determined by the method of molecular replacement using the known structure of the homologous Thermus thermophilus enzyme. The structure of the E. coli enzyme was refined at a resolution of 2.1 A to an R-factor of 17.3%, that of the S. typhimurium enzyme at 1.7 A resolution to an R-factor of 19.8%. The three structures were compared to elucidate the basis of the higher thermostability of the T. thermophilus enzyme. A mutant that created a cavity in the hydrophobic core of the thermophilic enzyme was designed to investigate the importance of packing density for thermostability. The structure of this mutant was analyzed. The main stabilizing features in the thermophilic enzyme are an increased number of salt bridges, additional hydrogen bonds, a proportionately larger and more hydrophobic subunit interface, shortened N and C termini and a larger number of proline residues. The mutation in the hydrophobic core of T. thermophilus IPMDH resulted in a cavity of 32 A3, but no significant effect on the activity and thermostability of the mutant was observed.     

A high-speed vector-controlled spindle motor drive with closedtransition between with encoder control and without encoder control

A 40000-r/min vector-controlled induction motor drive is introduced. The vector control of induction motors has been widely accepted in spindle drives of machine tools where they replace conventional DC motors because of the low maintenance requirements. Another important feature of the AC spindle drive is its high-speed capability. The magnetic encoder is most widely used as the speed detector because it is suited for use in an adverse environment. However, the magnetic encoder with high resolution and a high S/N ratio loses the output pulses at extremely high speed. In the drive system introduced, the conventional vector control is used in the low-speed range, and the vector control without the encoder is used in the high-speed range. Close transition between two modes is made without interrupting the operation