Intentionality in human gait control: Modifying the frequency-to-amplitude relationship.

Tight frequency-to-amplitude relationships are observed in spontaneous human steady gait. If required, however, they can be modified. The following experiments were aimed at the processes underlying this flexibility, which forms the fundamental basis of the intentional adaptive capabilities of locomotion. In Exp 1, Ss had to intentionally modify the frequency-to-amplitude relationship (leading to preferred or nonpreferred steady states). In Exp 2, they had to temporarily perturbate the stride-frequency-to-amplitude relationship to intentionally shorten or lengthen 1 stride. Within the important constraints exerted by the head–arm–trunk system on leg movement, the results pointed out 2 main strategies that allow the S to intentionally adapt stride organization on-line: adjustment of the tonic properties of the oscillating leg to achieve nonpreferred steady states and phasic action to ensure temporary movement away from a steady state. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Deterministic finite automata with recursive calls and DPDAs

We study deterministic finite automata (DFA) with recursive calls, that is, finite sequences of component DFAs that can call each other recursively. DFAs with recursive calls are akin to recursive state machines and unrestricted hierarchic state machines. We show that they are language equivalent to deterministic pushdown automata (DPDA).     

地球变暖,一个对钢铁工业的挑战

全球变暖给钢铁工业带来了巨大的挑战,挑战涉及使用碳的多少和能量利用率.低强度生产可以短期内达到减轻排放,使处于京都协议要求的水平.从中期看,更多地使用废钢也有助于减轻排放.但是为了实现更多地减少温室气体GHG的排放,也即等于实现京都协议之后的排放目标,钢铁工业必须设想有一个新的生产面貌,这形成了未来时期对它的最大挑战.碳的收集和吸收,碳使用中的代用剂,工艺流程中绿色来源的电和氢的应用,这些在未来10年中是必须要发展的,希望通过广泛地国际合作加以实现.     

The impact of publicly funded basic research: an integrative extension of Martin and Salter

This paper provides an integrative literature review of the research on the impact of the public funding of basic research, extending previous work done at the Science Policy Research Unit (SPRU), University of Sussex, East Sussex, UK. "Impact" is measured in terms of publications, patents, new drugs, employment, and new start-up companies. The primary focus of this paper is on empirical studies of the impact of biomedical research. However, a few key theoretical papers and empirical papers with a broader industrial focus are also reviewed to provide a more complete perspective. Conclusions, including an alternative view that basic research need not be public supported, and future research opportunities in this area are also discussed.     

LEICA: a low energy ion composition analyzer for the study of solarand magnetospheric heavy ions

The SAMPEX (Solar, Anomalous, and Magnetospheric Particle Explorer) LEICA instrument is designed to measure ~0.5-5-MeV/nucleon solar and magnetospheric ions over the range from He-Ni. The instrument is a time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometer, which measures particle TOF over an ~0.5-m path and the residual energy deposited in an array of Si solid state detectors. Large-area microchannel plates are used, resulting in a large geometrical factor for the instrument (0.6 cm² sr), which is essential for accurate compositional measurements in small solar flares and in studies of precipitating magnetospheric heavy ions     

Influence of adsorption on the measurement of diffusion coefficients by Taylor dispersion

The effect of adsorption on the measurement of diffusion coefficients by the Taylor dispersion technique is investigated by modifying the governing equation to account for reversible, nonequilibrium adsorption. The resulting two-dimensional equations are solved by an explicit finite-difference technique. Experimental data for the acridine carbon dioxide system indicated that acridine adsorbs on the walls on the tubing and these data were investigated with this model. The influence of carious parameters including the number of sites and the rates of adsorption desorption was investigated by conducting a parametric sensitivity analysis on the model. It was found that adsorption of the solute on the wall of the tubing could produce an error as high as 35% on the measured diffusion coefficient compared to the actual diffusion coellicient. Examination of the influence of each of the parameters will enable Inure investigators to reduce the effect of adsorption in the measurement of diffusion coefficients by Taylor dispersion.     

Insight into the chemical reaction of CH2OH with NO: Formation of N-hydroxy formamide as an isocyanic acid precursor

This study has explored the potential energy surface on the chemical reaction of CH₂OH with NO by using ab initio calculation. We have found the new reaction pathway producing N-hydroxy formamide, which can further decompose to generate isocyanic acid as a reducing agent of hydrocarbons selective catalytic reduction.     

The nuclear fuel cycle

In the first half of the 21st century, a redistribution of the energy data should occur, where nuclear will play a more important role, particularly as coal will become more and more costly to extract.On a worldwide basis, the unability of oil to be replaced in some areas like transportation, and the difficulty of developing countries to find substitutes for this energy source, could also lead developed countries to keep the energy resources for a better utilization, and give the countries which have no access to other resources, a possibility to develop.Thus, France has extensively enhanced nuclear energy for its electricity production, and, consequently, makes the necessary efforts for the knowledge of the whole fuel cycle.