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31.
Jean-Pierre Guin Tanguy Rouxel Jean-Christophe Sanglebuf Isabelle Melscoët Jacques Lucas 《Journal of the American Ceramic Society》2002,85(6):1545-1552
Ge–Se chalcogenide glasses are characterized by relatively low hardness (0.39–2.35 GPa) and low fracture toughness (0.1–0.28 MPa·m1/2 ). Actually, the hardness of chalcogen-rich glasses is low enough so that the brittleness parameter, B = H / K c , is lower than that of silicate glasses. Whereas hardness and Young's modulus increase with increasing germanium contents, fracture toughness follows a trend similar to that of the density and exhibits a maximum for the Ge20 Se80 composition, which corresponds to the rigidity percolation threshold. Optical microscopy and atomic force microscopy observations suggest that the indentation deformation proceeds by a localized shear deformation phenomenon. Glasses in the chalcogen-rich region behave viscoelastically at room temperature. As a consequence, an increase of the loading time results in a decrease of hardness and toughness. 相似文献
32.
An electro-optic device mounted on a slit lamp to assess the degree of polarization of a light beam that has double passed through the retina about the optic-nerve head in the living human eye is described. The asymmetric structure of the retinal nerve's fiber layer possesses a linear-form dichroism and will partially polarize an unpolarized light beam that is scattered at the fundus of the eye and has double passed the ocular media (cornea, lens, retina). This partial polarization is a function of the retinal nerve's fiber layer thickness, and its measurement may be used for exploring glaucoma and other retinal neuropathies. Experimental conditions allow us to neglect corneal dichroism. The first clinical measurements show a different degree of polarization between normal and glaucomatous eyes and a good correlation with the results obtained by optical coherence tomography. 相似文献
33.
Atomic nanotube welders: boron interstitials triggering connections in double-walled carbon nanotubes 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Endo M Muramatsu H Hayashi T Kim YA Van Lier G Charlier JC Terrones H Terrones M Dresselhaus MS 《Nano letters》2005,5(6):1099-1105
Here we demonstrate that the incorporation of boron (B) atoms between double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWNTs) during thermal annealing (1400-1600 degrees C) results in covalent nanotube "Y" junctions, DWNT coalescence, and the formation of flattened multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs). These processes occur via the merging of adjacent tubes, which is triggered by B interstitial atoms. We observe that B atom interstitials between DWNTs are responsible for the rapid establishment of covalent connections between neighboring tubes (polymerization), thereby resulting in the fast annealing of the carbon cylinders with B atoms embedded in the newly created carbon nanotube network. Once B is in the lattice, tube faceting (polygonization) starts to occur, and the electronic properties are expected to change dramatically. Therefore, B atoms indeed act as atomic nanotube fusers (or welders), and this process could now be used in assembling novel electronic nanotube devices, nanotube networks, carbon nanofoams and heterojunctions exhibiting p-type electronic properties. 相似文献
34.
35.
Vincenzo Farano Mark Cresswell Kerstin Gritsch Phil Jackson Nina Attik Brigitte Grosgogeat Jean-Christophe Maurin 《Journal of materials science. Materials in medicine》2018,29(7):101
Phosphate-based glasses have been attracting attention due to their possible medical applications arising from unique dissolution characteristics in the human body leading to the possibility of new tissue regeneration. In this study, the leaching kinetics of a series of melt-quenched Sr-doped phosphate glasses are presented. Regardless of the presence of Sr, all the glasses have an initial linear and sustained release of the ions followed by a plateau. To guarantee proper nutritional support to the growing tissue during regeneration and to mimic the 3-dimensional architecture of tissues, organic scaffold systems have been developed. However, their poor mechanical strength has limited their application. To overcome this problem, cross-linkers can be used although this then limits the solubility of the materials. To succeed in dealing with such a limitation, in this paper, by freeze-drying, the aforementioned soluble melt-quenched phosphate glasses were combined as powders with collagen fibres from bovine achilles tendon to make degradable scaffolds. The scaffolds were characterized by SEM, EDX and BET. Changes to the dissolution behaviour of the glasses arising from the presence of collagen interacting with the ions leached were reported. Furthermore, the ability of the scaffolds to induce hydroxyapatite (HA) formation was evaluated: one the elaborated scaffold could grow an HA-like layer after a week in SBF. Based on the results obtained, a possible application in restorative dentistry is proposed for one or more materials. 相似文献
36.
Novel A-B-A triblock and star-block amphiphilic copolymers, i.e. poly(N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide)-block-poly(D,L-lactide)-block-poly(N-(2-hydroxypropyl)metha-crylamide), poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone)-block-poly(D,L-lactide)-block-poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone), star-poly(D,L-lactide)-block-poly(N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide) and star-poly(D,L-lactide)-block-poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone), were synthesized and characterized. These polymers were prepared by free radical polymerization of N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide and N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone in the presence of either poly(D,L-lactide) dithiol or star-poly(D,L-lactide) tetrakis-thiol, both biodegradable macromolecular chain-transferring agents. All copolymers self-assembled in aqueous solution to form supramolecular aggregates of 20–180 nm in size. The critical aggregation concentration of the copolymers ranged from 5 to 24 mg/L, depending on their hydrophobicity. The partition equilibrium constant of pyrene in the hydrophobic core of micelles was between 0.71×105 and 1.63×105. The triblock copolymer micelles were loaded with two model poorly water-soluble drugs, namely, indomethacin (1.5–16.4% w/w) and paclitaxel (0.4–1.5% w/w), by a dialysis procedure. These triblock and star-block copolymers could prove useful as nanocarriers for the solubilization and delivery of hydrophobic drugs. 相似文献
37.
Girard O Ginefri JC Poirier-Quinot M Darrasse L 《The Review of scientific instruments》2007,78(12):124703
A contactless method based on reflectometry to accurately characterize an inductive radio frequency (rf) resonator even in the occurrence of a strong electrical nonlinearity is presented. Nonlinear extraction of the unloaded quality factor and resonance frequency is possible by combining an initial low-level swept-frequency calibration with high-level single-frequency measurements. The extraction protocol relies on a simple intrinsic R, L, C model and does not involve a fitting procedure according to a particular nonlinearity model. It includes a correction for strong coupling conditions between the probe and the rf coil, which allows extending the analysis over a wide range of transmitted power. Electrical modeling based on the extracted intrinsic data allows predicting the coil behavior when loaded by any kind of matching network. The method will have implications in different domains such as Magnetic Resonance (MR) applications with superconducting probe heads or analysis of rf properties in nonlinear materials. The method is demonstrated here by characterizing a high temperature superconducting (HTS) coil dedicated to MR imaging at 64 MHz. The coil consists in a multiturn spiral design that is self-resonant close to the MR frequency of interest. The Q factor and the resonance frequency are determined as a function of the actual power dissipated in the HTS coil accounting for losses occurring in the measurement system. Further characteristics of the HTS coil are considered in the present paper. The relation between the transmitted power and the magnetic field generated by the coil, which is the most relevant characteristics for MR applications, is directly accessible. The equivalent impedance of the coil under test is also expressed as a function of the total current flowing in the windings. The method could be extended to assess the fundamental properties of the nonlinear material (e.g., the London penetration depth or the critical current density) by including any pertinent model. 相似文献
38.
Comparing the input, output, and validation maps for several models of land change 总被引:31,自引:0,他引:31
Robert Gilmore Pontius Jr Wideke Boersma Jean-Christophe Castella Keith Clarke Ton de Nijs Charles Dietzel Zengqiang Duan Eric Fotsing Noah Goldstein Kasper Kok Eric Koomen Christopher D. Lippitt William McConnell Alias Mohd Sood Bryan Pijanowski Snehal Pithadia Sean Sweeney Tran Ngoc Trung A. Tom Veldkamp Peter H. Verburg 《The Annals of Regional Science》2008,42(1):11-37
This paper applies methods of multiple resolution map comparison to quantify characteristics for 13 applications of 9 different
popular peer-reviewed land change models. Each modeling application simulates change of land categories in raster maps from
an initial time to a subsequent time. For each modeling application, the statistical methods compare: (1) a reference map
of the initial time, (2) a reference map of the subsequent time, and (3) a prediction map of the subsequent time. The three
possible two-map comparisons for each application characterize: (1) the dynamics of the landscape, (2) the behavior of the
model, and (3) the accuracy of the prediction. The three-map comparison for each application specifies the amount of the prediction’s
accuracy that is attributable to land persistence versus land change. Results show that the amount of error is larger than
the amount of correctly predicted change for 12 of the 13 applications at the resolution of the raw data. The applications
are summarized and compared using two statistics: the null resolution and the figure of merit. According to the figure of
merit, the more accurate applications are the ones where the amount of observed net change in the reference maps is larger.
This paper facilitates communication among land change modelers, because it illustrates the range of results for a variety
of models using scientifically rigorous, generally applicable, and intellectually accessible statistical techniques. 相似文献
39.
Claire Duménil David Woud Francesco Pinto Jeroen T. Alkema Ilse Jansen Anne M. Van Der Geest Sanne Roessingh Jean-Christophe Billeter 《Journal of chemical ecology》2016,42(3):259-269
Individuals can make choices based on information learned from others, a phenomenon called social learning. How observers differentiate between which individual they should or should not learn from is, however, poorly understood. Here, we showed that Drosophila melanogaster females can influence the choice of egg-laying site of other females through pheromonal marking. Mated females mark territories of high quality food by ejecting surplus male sperm containing the aggregation pheromone cis-11-vaccenyl acetate (cVA) and, in addition, deposit several sex- and species-specific cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) pheromones. These pheromonal cues affect the choices of other females, which respond by preferentially laying eggs on the marked food. This system benefits both senders and responders, as communal egg laying increases offspring survival. Virgin females, however, do not elicit a change in the egg-laying decision of mated females, even when food has been supplemented with ejected sperm from mated females, thus indicating the necessity for additional cues. Genetic ablation of either a female’s CHC pheromones or those of their mate results in loss of ability of mated females to attract other females. We conclude that mated females use a pheromonal marking system, comprising cVA acquired from male ejaculate with sex- and species-specific CHCs produced by both mates, to indicate egg-laying sites. This system ensures information reliability because mated, but not virgin, females have both the ability to generate the pheromone blend that attracts other flies to those sites and a direct interest in egg-laying site quality. 相似文献
40.
The development of a novel, chemoselective, and catalytic deprotection methodology that proceeds under mild and neutral conditions is described, and its mechanism of action is analyzed in some detail. The scope, limitations, and advantages of this protocol are discussed. Selected applications in synthesis are also highlighted. 相似文献