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111.
112.
Simulations and designs are presented of conventional and periodic SO2 absorption from exhaust gases using salt water as absorption solvent. Operating conditions resemble those of a maritime operation, involving relatively small amounts of SO2, so the separation is in the linear region. The advantages of periodic operation, as already demonstrated for conventional distillation remain valid for absorption processes: Less tall towers, than staged towers are possible, or substantially less salt water is required for the process employing periodic cycling. 相似文献
113.
Wolfram Witte Daniel Abou‐Ras Karsten Albe Gottfried H. Bauer Frank Bertram Christian Boit Rudolf Brüggemann Jürgen Christen Jens Dietrich Axel Eicke Dimitrios Hariskos Matthias Maiberg Roland Mainz Max Meessen Mathias Müller Oliver Neumann Thomas Orgis Stefan Paetel Johan Pohl Humberto Rodriguez‐Alvarez Roland Scheer Hans‐Werner Schock Thomas Unold Alfons Weber Michael Powalla 《Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications》2015,23(6):717-733
The gallium gradient in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) layers, which forms during the two industrially relevant deposition routes, the sequential and co‐evaporation processes, plays a key role in the device performance of CIGS thin‐film modules. In this contribution, we present a comprehensive study on the formation, nature, and consequences of gallium gradients in CIGS solar cells. The formation of gallium gradients is analyzed in real time during a rapid selenization process by in situ X‐ray measurements. In addition, the gallium grading of a CIGS layer grown with an in‐line co‐evaporation process is analyzed by means of depth profiling with mass spectrometry. This gallium gradient of a real solar cell served as input data for device simulations. Depth‐dependent occurrence of lateral inhomogeneities on the µm scale in CIGS deposited by the co‐evaporation process was investigated by highly spatially resolved luminescence measurements on etched CIGS samples, which revealed a dependence of the optical bandgap, the quasi‐Fermi level splitting, transition levels, and the vertical gallium gradient. Transmission electron microscopy analyses of CIGS cross‐sections point to a difference in gallium content in the near surface region of neighboring grains. Migration barriers for a copper‐vacancy‐mediated indium and gallium diffusion in CuInSe2 and CuGaSe2 were calculated using density functional theory. The migration barrier for the InCu antisite in CuGaSe2 is significantly lower compared with the GaCu antisite in CuInSe2, which is in accordance with the experimentally observed Ga gradients in CIGS layers grown by co‐evaporation and selenization processes. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Jan Hcker Tevfik Onur Mente Alessandro Sala Andrea Locatelli Thomas Schmidt Jens Falta Sanjaya D. Senanayake Jan Ingo Flege 《Advanced Materials Interfaces》2015,2(18)
The interaction of molecular hydrogen with ceria is of important relevance for heterogeneous catalysis related to green chemistry and renewable energy. Here, the complex structural transformations of a well‐defined cerium oxide model catalyst are followed in situ and in real time when exposed to a reactive H2 environment. By using electron spectromicroscopy and diffraction with chemical and structural sensitivities, it is demonstrated that the transition from CeO2 to crystalline Ce2O3 occurs through a mixture of transient, coexisting phases on the nanoscale. The findings establish a clear relationship between structure and functionality for hydrogen dissociation over ceria(111), bearing profound implications on the nature of the reduction (Ce4+ → Ce3+) and mechanism for H2 scission. 相似文献
116.
The vacuolar aspartyl protease proteinase A (PrA) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is encoded as a preproenzyme by the PEP4 gene and transported to the vacuole via the secretory route. Upon arrival of the proenzyme proPrA to the vacuole, active mature 42 kDa PrA is generated by specific proteolysis involving the vacuolar endoprotease proteinase B (PrB). Vacuolar activation of proPrA can also take place in mutants lacking PrB activity (prb1). Here an active 43 kDa species termed pseudoPrA is formed, probably by an autocatalytic process. When the PEP4 gene is overexpressed in wild-type cells, mature PrA can be found in the growth medium. We have found that prb1 strains overexpressing PEP4 can form pseudoPrA extracellularly. N-terminal amino acid sequence determination of extracellular, as well as vacuolar pseudoPrA showed that it contains nine amino acids of the propeptide, indicating a cleavage between Phe67 and Ser68 of the preproenzyme. This cleavage site is in accordance with the known substrate preference for PrA, supporting the notion that pseudoPrA is formed by autoactivation. When a multicopy PEP4 transformant of a prb1 mutant was grown in the presence of the aspartyl protease inhibitor pepstatin A, a significant level of proPrA was found in the growth medium. Our analyses show that overexpression of PEP4 leads to the secretion of proPrA to the growth medium where the zymogen is converted to pseudoPrA or mature PrA in a manner similar to the vacuolar processing reactions. Amino acid sequencing of secreted proPrA confirmed the predicted cleavage by signal peptidase between Ala22 and Lys23 of the preproenzyme. 相似文献
117.
均方根值——平均值检波器——一种脉冲干扰抑制效果更佳的新型CISPR加权检波器 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Jens Medler 《安全与电磁兼容》2008,(2):89-91
阐述了加权的目的,给出了新型均方根值(RMS)——平均值(AV)检波器的加权特性评估和加权函数的定义。同时对使用准峰值和平均值检波方式所得到的测量结果与使用均方根值—平均值检波方式所得到的测量结果进行了比较。根据比较结果,提出了均方根值——平均值检波方式所对应的发射类测试限值的建议。 相似文献
118.
Weakly lignified biomass, like brewers' spent grain and grass silage, is good feedstock for biorefineries. The biomass can be separated and converted into valuable products in different ways. In this study, brewers' spent grain is used to investigate solid state fermentations with Cellulomonas uda. Additionally, hydrothermal pretreatment and subsequent enzymatic saccharification, as well as formation of inhibitory compounds, is demonstrated. Hydrothermal pretreatment combined with simultaneous saccharification and fermentation is shown as an example for the utilization of grass silage. 相似文献
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Jingchi Gao Dr. Yuichiro Hori Takashi Shimomura Mathieu Bordy Prof. Jens Hasserodt Prof. Kazuya Kikuchi 《Chembiochem : a European journal of chemical biology》2020,21(5):656-662
Protein labeling using fluorogenic probes enables the facile visualization of proteins of interest. Herein, we report new fluorogenic probes consisting of a rationally designed coumarin ligand for the live-cell fluorogenic labeling of the photoactive yellow protein (PYP)-tag. On the basis of the photochemical mechanisms of coumarin and the probe–tag interactions, we introduced a hydroxy group into an environment-sensitive coumarin ligand to modulate its spectroscopic properties and increase the labeling reaction rate. The resulting probe had a higher labeling reaction rate constant and a greater fluorescence OFF–ON ratio than any previously developed PYP-tag labeling probe. The probe enabled the fluorogenic labeling of intracellular proteins within minutes. Furthermore, we used our probe to investigate the localization of sirtuin 3 (SIRT3), a mitochondrial deacetylase. Although the nuclear localization of SIRT3 has been controversial, this transient nuclear localization was clearly captured by the rapid, high-contrast imaging enabled by our probe. 相似文献