Preparation and characterisation of water-soluble phytosterol nanodispersions

The purpose of this study was to prepare and characterise water-soluble phytosterol nanodispersions for food formulation. The effects of several factors were examined: four different types of organic phases (hexane, isopropyl alcohol, ethanol and acetone), the organic to aqueous phase ratio and conventional homogenisation vs. high-pressure homogenisation. We demonstrated the feasibility of phytosterol nanodispersions production using an emulsification–evaporation technique. The results showed that hexane was able to produce the smallest particle size at a mean diameter of approximately 50 nm at monomodal distribution. Phytosterol nanodispersions prepared with a higher homogenisation pressure and a higher organic to aqueous phase ratio resulted in significantly larger phytosterol nanoparticles (P < 0.05). Phytosterol loss after high-pressure homogenisation ranged from 3% to 28%, and losses increased with increasing homogenisation pressure. Elimination of the organic phase by evaporation resulted in a phytosterol loss of 0.5–9%.     

香兰素在食品贮藏保鲜中的应用研究进展

随着人们对食品安全问题认识的提高,天然多功能食品添加剂正受到人们越来越多的关注。香兰素作为一种易提取的天然香味化合物,因其原料成本低、生产工艺成熟,被广泛应用于食品贮藏保鲜和加工尤其是乳制品的加工中。本文主要介绍香兰素的结构与性质,综述香兰素在食品贮藏保鲜中的应用,包括抑菌作用、抗氧化作用、稳定剂作用,并提出香兰素在应用上还值得研究的问题,展望其应用前景。     

Enhancement of activity and sulfur resistance of CeO2 supported on TiO2-SiO2 for the selective catalytic reduction of NO by NH3

A series of novel metal-oxide-supported CeO(2) catalysts were prepared via the wet impregnation method, and their NH(3)-SCR activities were investigated. The Ce/TiO(2)-SiO(2) catalyst with a Ti/Si mass ratio of 3/1 exhibited superior NH(3)-SCR activity and high N(2) selectivity in the temperature range of 250-450 °C. The characterization results revealed that the activity enhancement was correlated with the properties of the support material. Cerium was highly dispersed on the TiO(2)-SiO(2) binary metal oxide support, and the interaction of Ti and Si resulted in greater conversion of Ce(4+) to Ce(3+) on the surface of the catalyst compared to that on the single metal oxide supports. As a result of in the increased number of acid sites on Ce/TiO(2)-SiO(2) that resulted from the addition of SiO(2), the NH(3) adsorption capacity was significantly improved. All of these factors played significant roles in the high SCR activity. More importantly, Ce/TiO(2)-SiO(2) exhibited strong resistance to SO(2) and H(2)O poisoning. After the addition of SiO(2), the number of Lewis-acid sites was not decreased, but the number of Br?nsted-acid sites on the TiO(2)-SiO(2) carrier was increased. The introduction of SiO(2) further weakened the alkalinity over the surface of the Ce/TiO(2)-SiO(2) catalyst, which resulted in sulfate not easily accumulating on the surface of the Ce/TiO(2)-SiO(2) catalyst in comparison with Ce/TiO(2).     

The extreme xerophilic mould Xeromyces bisporus--growth and competition at various water activities

Little is known about the mould, Xeromyces bisporus, unique in its strong xerophilicity and ability to grow at water activity (a_w) 0.62, lower than for any other known organism. The linear growth rates of one fast and one slow-growing strain of X. bisporus were assessed at 20, 25, 30 and 37 °C on solid agar media containing a mixture of glucose and fructose to reduce a_w to 0.94, 0.88, 0.84, 0.80, 0.76 and 0.66. Growth rates of xerophilic species closely related to X. bisporus, viz. Chrysosporium inops, C. xerophilum and Monascus eremophilus, were also assessed. Optimal conditions for growth of both X. bisporus strains were approx. 0.84 a_w and 30 °C, despite FRR 2347 growing two- to five-fold faster than CBS 185.75. X. bisporus FRR 2347 even grew well at 0.66 a_w (0.48 mm/day). C. inops and C. xerophilum were more tolerant of high a_w than X. bisporus, and could be differentiated from each other based on: the faster growth of C. xerophilum; its preference for temperatures ≥ 30 °C and a_w ≥ 0.94 (c.f. ≤ 25 °C and ~ 0.88 a_w for C. inops); and its ability to grow at 0.66 a_w, which is the lowest a_w reported to date for this species. M. eremophilus grew slowly (max. 0.4 mm/day) even in its optimal conditions of ~ 0.88 a_w and 25 °C. To investigate the competitive characteristics of X. bisporus at low a_w, both X. bisporus strains were grown in dual-culture with xerotolerant species Aspergillus flavus and Penicillium roqueforti, and xerophilic species A. penicillioides, C. inops, C. xerophilum and Eurotium chevalieri, on glucose-fructose agar plates at 0.94, 0.84, 0.80 and 0.76 a_w and at 25 °C. Growth rates and types of interactions were assessed. Excretion of inhibitory substances acting over a long-range was not observed by any species; inhibitors acting over a short-range that temporarily slowed competitors' growth or produced a protective zone around the colony were occasionally observed for A. penicillioides, C. inops and C. xerophilum. Instead, rapid growth relative to the competitor was the most common means of dominance. The xerotolerant species, A. flavus and P. roqueforti were dominant over X. bisporus at 0.94 a_w. E. chevalieri was often dominant due to its rapid growth over the entire a_w range. At a_w < 0.80, X. bisporus was competitive because it grew faster than the other species examined. This supports the concept that its ideal environmental niche is sugary foods with low a_w.     

Comparison and Characterization of Compounds with Antioxidant Activity in Lycium barbarum Using High‐Performance Thin Layer Chromatography Coupled with DPPH Bioautography and Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Methanol extracts from 50 batches of Lycium barbarum (L. barbarum, wolfberry) in China were compared and characterized using high‐performance thin‐layer chromatography coupled with 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) bioautography (HPTLC‐DPPH) and electrospray ionization quadrupole time‐of‐flight tandem mass spectrometry (ESI‐Q‐TOF‐MS/MS), respectively. Results showed that similar components occupying the major antioxidant activity existed in L. barbarum collected from different origins. However, the average antioxidant capacities of methanol extracts of L. barbarum collected in Ningxia were significantly higher than those of Qinghai, Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, and Gansu, which may contribute to rational use of L. barbarum in China. Furthermore, the chemical structure of compound with the highest antioxidant capacity was tentatively identified as 2‐O‐β‐d ‐glucopyranosyl‐l ‐ascorbic acid using ESI‐Q‐TOF‐MS/MS analysis, which possessed high potentials to be used as an antioxidant biomarker for the quality control of L. barbarum. Results are helpful for the bioactivity‐based quality control of L. barbarum, and beneficial for the improvement of their performance in functional/health foods area, suggesting that HPTLC‐DPPH bioautography with ESI‐Q‐TOF‐MS/MS could be used as a routine approach for quality control of antioxidant components in L. barbarum.     

直流微电网并离网协调控制策略

传统直流微电网协调控制策略在下垂控制中忽略了电源的功率输出边界动态变化对系统的影响,模式切换控制结构复杂且存在非平滑切换的问题。针对此问题,以光储氢直流微电网为研究对象,提出了一种并离网相统一的协调控制策略。首先,提出了一种动态自适应下垂控制策略,通过向基于最小二乘法原理的数据拟合器输入训练数据,拟合输出动态电流边界,实现了自适应调整动态下垂系数及电源运行状态,并简化了传统模式切换过程和控制结构。其次,结合实际工程,提出一种预同步和外环切换控制相结合的改进并离网切换控制策略,有效降低并离网切换过程中的冲击振荡。最后,将自适应下垂控制和改进并离网平滑切换控制融入所提协调控制策略中,进行多源多工况的多种模式切换的仿真。通过仿真验证了所提协调控制策略的有效性。     

玉米须水芹酒酿造工艺优化

以玉米须与水芹为主要原料,选用酿酒酵母作为发酵菌种,按比例进行混合发酵,考察玉米须水芹酒最佳酿造工艺。以酒精度和感官评分为检测指标,运用单因素试验和Box-Behnken 中心组合试验优化发酵条件,对水芹汁与玉米须汁的体积比、菌种添加量、发酵时间以及发酵温度进行控制,得到最佳的发酵工艺条件为水芹汁∶玉米须汁=1 ∶2（体积比）、菌种添加量0.6%、发酵时间11 d、发酵温度25 ℃。在该条件下得到的玉米须水芹酒呈淡黄色透明状,酒香醇厚,酒体柔和,且具有一定的抗氧化能力。     

用于车载充电的双向CLLC变换器设计

为拓宽车载充电机(on-board charger,OBC)双向充放电工作范围并提高充电效率,用PFC(power factor correction)级联高效CLLC(电容-电感-电感-电容)谐振拓扑实现电网电压与电池电压之间能量双向转换.同时为解决CLLC谐振拓扑在宽范围工作时参数设计困难的问题,提出一种参数设计及...     

文创产品的信息传播与感知差异性研究——以青年群体的视角为例

为探析普通消费者对文创产品的感性认知差异,从消费末端探究文创产品开发的基本依据。在以往研究和专家深度访谈基础上建构了青年群体对文创产品感性认知的基本框架,具体表现在基本信息、产品特征与使用方法三个方面,在每个层面采用两个变量对其进行解释并形成最终量表。以一个经典文创产品“书灯”(Lumio)为研究对象,通过问卷调查与同步的深度访谈系统收集用户反馈数据,以统计学软件SPSS19.00的独立样本T检定模块进行统计学分析。结果发现,对青年群体而言,性别因素导致对文创产品的感性认知差异主要集中在产品特征和使用方法上;专业背景因素导致的感性认知差异主要集中在基本信息和使用方法上;而产品的IP辨识度因素并没有在青年群体中带来对文创产品的感性认知差异。