Preparation of treelike and rodlike carboxymethylated nanocellulose and their effect on carboxymethyl cellulose films

In this work, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) with low substitution degree, followed by different posttreatments, was applied to prepare treelike CMC nanofibrils (CMCNFs) and rodlike CMC nanocrystals (CMCNCs), and their performance in CMC composite film was evaluated simultaneously. From transmission electron microscopy results, it was found that the treelike CMCNCFs exhibited a lager aspect ratio compared to the rodlike CMCNCs. As for reinforcing CMC film, 4 wt% was the best adding amount, at this time, the tensile strength of CMC/CMCNFs and CMC/CMCNCs composite films was increased by 72.1% and 47.3%, respectively. Moreover, adding these nanofillers to CMC also could enhance the thermal stability of composite films slightly, while the transmittance of composite films was reduced at the same time. In addition, CMC/CMCNFs film was designed as a packaging box to determine its performance. Therefore, this study could reveal the differences of properties for composites with different types of nanocellulose and provide a foundation for further application of nanocellulose.     

Sodium citrate-assisted synthesis of nano-manganese oxide on carbon fiber for enhancing the mechanical and frictional performances of carbon fiber-reinforced resin matrix composites

Aiming to enhance the carbon fiber (CF)/resin interfacial adhesion, this report describes the novel application of sodium citrate (SC) as an auxiliary reducing agent and surface regulator to control the morphology of nano-manganese dioxide (MnO₂) on the CF surface. The composites were fabricated by means of controlling the molar concentration ratio of SC to Mn source (0:1, 1:3, 1:2, and 1:1) in hydrothermal synthesis. The results reveal that MnO₂ nanosheets on the CF surface become denser as the concentration of SC is 1/3 of Mn source, which makes advance to the surface roughness and surface energy of CF. Simultaneously, the tensile strength of as-prepared composite is increased by 52.8%. The homologous friction coefficient tends to be high and stable and the wear volume is significantly reduced by 63.8 and 26.5% under the applied loads of 3 and 5 N in contrast with the original composites prepared without SC. As a result, it can be inferred that SC plays a crucial role in enhancing the interfacial bonding strength between the CF and matrix, providing insights into the interface control of CF-reinforced resin matrix composites.     

Effect of particle size on flame retardancy and mechanical properties of hydroxyethyl diphosphate modified aluminum hydroxide intrinsic polyethylene terephthalate

Organic–inorganic hybrid flame retardant was obtained by modifying aluminum hydroxide with different particle size with 1-hydroxyethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic acid. The structure of the organic–inorganic hybrid flame retardant is characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy, while ¹H-NMR spectroscopy only characterizes specific samples. The thermal stability and flame retardancy of the samples were analyzed by thermogravimetric analysis, limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical combustion of UL-94 and cone calorimeter. The results show that the modified 10 μm aluminum hydroxide has a better effect than the 25 μm aluminum hydroxide and 100 nm aluminum hydroxide. Compared with pure polyethylene terephthalate (PET), the LOI value of the best sample is increased by 24.4%, and UL-94 V reaches V-0 level. Heat release rate, total heat release rate, and carbon monoxide production rate decreased by 45.8%, 33.2%, and 41.5%, respectively, compared to pure PET. The results showed that the aluminum hydroxide with a particle size of 10 μm exhibited the best flame retardant effect, which could be attributed to the decomposition of organic phosphoric acid and the dehydration of aluminum hydroxide, yielding a higher amount of residual carbon.     

A high Cr (VI) absorption efficiency and easy recovery adsorbent: Electrospun polyethersulfone/polydopamine nanofibers

Cr (VI) is a highly toxic pollutant to humans, to achieve high adsorption capacity, easy recovery, and good reusability, polyethersulfone/polydopamine (PES/PDA) ultrafine fibers were prepared successfully. A series of preparing effect factors were investigated systematically and the optimum one is 8.5 pH value at room temperature and 2 g/L dopamine concentration. And then they were used as an adsorbent for the removal of Cr (VI) ions from wastewater. The effect factors pH, the adsorbent dosage, and time were discussed on Cr (VI) adsorption process and the Cr (VI) adsorption behavior was investigated. It is found that the maximum Cr (VI) adsorption capacity is 115.2 ± 4.8 mg/g at pH = 3 using 0.06 g PES/PDA with 80 mins. The Cr (VI) adsorption process followed the pseudo-second-order model (r² ≥ 0.99) and adsorption isotherms were fitted to the Langmuir model (R² ≥ 0.999). Furthermore, the Cr (VI) adsorption mechanism was supposed according to the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic results. Finally, PES/PDA ultrafine fibers were considered to be a promising adsorbent with good stability (decomposing temperature, 356°C), high adsorption efficiency (112.1 ± 2.5 mg/g), and good reusability (three times) on the coexistence of anions and the actual industry wastewater environment.     

Effects of the molecular structure from pitch fractions on the properties of pitch-based electrospun nanofibers

Mesophase pitch was separated into different pitch fractions to investigate the effect of pitch fractions on the properties of their nanofibers prepared by electrospinning. The evolution of different pitch fractions-derived nanofibers during stabilization and carbonization were explored, and the properties of the resultant carbon nanofibers (CNFs) as electrode materials for supercapacitor were compared. Results indicated that the hexane insoluble-toluene soluble (HI-TS) and toluene insoluble-tetrahydrofuran (THF) soluble (TI-THFS) fractions had good spinnability due to their narrow molecular weight distribution. Moreover, compared with HI-TS and THF insoluble (THFI), TI-THFS consisted of appropriate aromaticity and branched alkyl groups which promoted the stabilization and carbonization behaviors of its nanofibers, resulting in maintaining ideal fiber morphology of TI-THFS-derived nanofiber due to the mitigation of their exothermic reactions. Meanwhile, the TI-THFS-derived CNFs presented the highest surface area of 543 m² g⁻¹ and exhibited an excellent specific capacitance of 167 F g⁻¹ at 0.5 A g⁻¹ in 6 M KOH electrolyte.     

基于电压和电流特征的双馈风电变流器功率器件开路故障综合诊断

变流器功率器件开路故障监测与识别对提高双馈风电系统智能运维至关重要.针对现有基于变流器电压或电流单一特征以及固定阈值的方法难以同时实现功率器件故障诊断监测与识别问题,该文提出一种基于变流器直流母线电压的故障监测与基于转子电流故障识别的综合诊断方法.首先,理论分析变流器功率器件开路故障对直流母线电压的影响,基于累积和(CUSUM)算法,提出基于直流母线电压特征的故障监测方法;其次,针对转子输出电流非平稳特性和阈值固定问题,提出基于归一化输出电流平均值和绝对平均值为故障特征量及自适应阈值的故障识别方法;最后,仿真模拟不同功率器件先后开路,验证所提方法的有效性,以风速随机及电网电压跌落为场景验证所提方法的鲁棒性.同时,以功率器件典型开路故障实验数据验证仿真分析的准确性.仿真与实验结果表明,所提方法能准确实现变流器功率器件开路故障诊断.     

退役电缆附件微观结构与电荷特性研究

电缆附件是输电线路中最容易出现故障的薄弱环节,从微观结构和电荷特性方面入手,分析和探索退役电缆附件的失效行为和影响规律,是提高电力系统安全稳定运行的关键。该文研究对象取样于退役或故障电缆附件绝缘,通过对其表面化学组成和形貌的观测分析、材料陷阱参数的测量计算以及空间电荷的测试,分析老化作用下三者之间的相互影响关系。结果表明:三元乙丙橡胶(ethylene propylene diene monomer,EPDM)绝缘的电缆附件,其老化标志除了出现C—O、C=O结构外,还包括因终端填充硅油而引入的含Si基团及其比例的改变;而在硅橡胶(siliconerubber,Si R)绝缘的电缆附件中,Si—O—Si比例的下降是其严重劣化的标志;与EPDM相比,Si R浅陷阱能级和密度占据优势,其表面电位衰减和电荷消散速度明显更快,能够有效避免空间电荷的集聚,但是由于Si R较差的抗撕裂性容易产生裂纹;退役电缆附件长期运行在复杂的环境下,材料的氧化、主链和侧链的断裂及其他杂质的生成,是附件绝缘陷阱参数及电荷特性变化的主要原因。     

永磁同步风力发电机的VSG参数自适应控制

在永磁同步风力发电系统中,为了克服网侧变流器采用虚拟同步发电机(VSG)控制策略时,由于虚拟转动惯量和虚拟阻尼系数恒定导致频率不能灵活控制这一缺点,将自适应控制应用到网侧变流器的VSG控制策略中.首先介绍永磁同步风力发电系统总体的控制策略,建立网侧变流器VSG控制模型;在此基础上分析风速和负载的变化对系统功率和频率的影响,根据系统频率的变化实时调节算法中的参数,使参数可以在线修正.最后,通过仿真和实验证明所设计的控制策略能够减小系统频率在振荡过程中的变化幅度,并提高频率动态调节性能.     

工业有机废水深度处理：非均相Fenton催化剂研究进展

在众多水处理技术中,Fenton法能产生具有强氧化性的羟基自由基（·OH）,被认为是处理水中难生物降解有机污染物的有效方法。但是,传统的均相Fenton技术存在响应pH范围窄、催化剂活性组分不易回收分离、产生的铁泥会造成二次污染等问题,而非均相Fenton技术则可有效克服上述缺陷并具有良好工业应用前景。本文评述了Fenton反应,尤其是非均相Fenton技术近年来的发展情况,主要综述了其反应机理、反应活性的影响因素以及非均相Fenton催化剂研究现状。重点结合构-效关系、合成方法与反应机制探讨了国内外铁基与非铁基金属催化剂与碳基催化剂的发展进程以及其对于难降解有机物的处理效果。并总结了双氧水利用率、催化剂稳定性、反应的控速环节对非均相Fenton催化剂体系应用的影响与限制,为进一步改进催化剂的设计与制备方法提供了思路。     

基于耦合电感的对称式交错并联低输入电流纹波高增益DC-DC变换器

针对高电压增益、大功率应用场景,提出一种基于耦合电感的对称式交错并联DC-DC变换器.该电路拓扑结合了交错并联与耦合电感的优势,一方面扩大了变换器的容量,降低了输入电流纹波;另一方面可以利用耦合电感的匝比来调节电压增益,提高了变换器的灵活性.由于两相电路耦合在一起,且完全对称,可以实现自动均流,因此,不存在功率失衡问题.通过集成开关电容单元(SCU),并将其扩展至n个,进一步提高了电压增益,避免了耦合电感匝比过高的问题,同时还降低了功率器件的电压应力,因此,可以采用低电压等级、高性能的半导体器件来提高变换器的工作效率.分析该变换器的工作原理、稳态性能,并制作一台额定功率为1kW的样机,实测变换器的最高效率为97.34％,满载时(1kW)效率为94.64％.实验结果验证了理论分析的正确性,以及所提变换器的可行性.