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21.
Compatible polymer blends of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) can be used as suitable model systems for investigating the relationship between the physico-chemical structure of polymers and their piezo- and pyroelectric activity. The structure of PVDF/PMMA blends can be varied over a very wide range which can lead to a strong influence on the piezo- and pyroelectric activity and the corresponding coefficients d31 and g3. The values of d31 and g3 were found to vary over nearly five decades whereas the normalized coefficients and remain largely unaffected. This emphasizes the importance of the molecular processes causing the macroscopic polarization P during the poling procedure. For a given polarization P and a given temperature T the properties of the polymer matrix, however, are far less important for the values obtained for d31 and g3. The experimental results were compared with theoretical predictions based on models which were recently developed by Tashiro et al., Broadhurst et al. and by Mopsik et al.. Considering the appropriate scope of each model a good agreement between theory and experiment is observed and general contradictions have not been found. 相似文献
22.
Three examples are revisited in which the reaction rate could be reliably correlated with point defect chemistry highlighting
the role of point defects as acid–base active centers. In the case of dehydrohalogenation of tertiary butyl chloride, AgCl
becomes increasingly active as heterogeneous catalyst, if AgCl is homogeneously or heterogeneously doped. By such a procedure
the silver vacancy concentration is adequately increased. The oxygen incorporation into SrTiO3 offers an example in which the surface mechanism in terms of adsorbed species, oxygen vacancies and electronic centers has
been elucidated. Appropriate surface coatings give rise to significant catalytic effects. Increasing iron (acceptor) doping
not only changes the point defect chemistry but also the nature of the rate determining step. Lastly, the electrocatalytic
function of Sr-doped LaMnO3 is considered as regards oxygen reduction reaction and O2− incorporation into Y-doped ZrO2 in the context of solid oxide fuel cells. Again the defect chemistry is of prime importance for the reaction rate. 相似文献
23.
Joachim Maier 《Journal of the American Ceramic Society》1993,76(5):1228-1232
The tracer diffusion coefficient is analyzed for the case in which internal ionization equilibria have to be considered, using the concept of conservative ensembles. The relationships of the tracer diffusion coefficient with other phenome-nological parameters, viz., the chemical diffusion coefficient and the diffusion coefficient derived from the ionic conductivity, as well as with the defect diffusivities are given. The importance of mobile partially ionized or neutral defects is highlighted. In this respect the formulation of the tracer diffusion as an ambipolar diffusion of the different isotopes is helpful. 相似文献
24.
Wen-I Li Michael Perzl Joachim Heyder Robert Langer Joseph D. Brain K.-H. Englmeier Ralph W. Niven David A. Edwards 《Journal of aerosol science》1996,27(8):1269-1286
The results of numerical simulations of the aerodynamics and of solid aerosol deaggregation phenomena arising in the process of airflow through various model human oropharyngeal cavities are reported. Special attention is given to the relevance of these simulations to the inhalation of dry-powder therapeutic aerosols. Several two- and three-dimensional mouth and throat geometries (terminating just beyond the larynx) are considered. Cross-sectional area-averaged viscous stress values are numerically determined as a function of distance from the mouth opening. These values, ranging from approximately 10 to 500 dyn cm−2, are compared with estimates of Van der Waals attractive forces per unit area of particle-particle contact so as to evaluate the ability of the flowing airstream to deaggregate aerosol particles that enter the mouth in an aggregated state (held together principally by Van der Waals attractive forces). Estimates of airstream viscous stress differ markedly depending on whether the geometry is two- or three-dimensional. Quantitative differences between flow in a 90°-bend model and an oropharyngeal geometry numerically reconstructed from a cast of a human mouth and throat are especially significant in regards to the ability of the airstream to break apart particle agglomerates. For all geometries it is observed that increasingly smaller particle agglomerates may potentially be separated as the airflow rate increases from 30 to 2001 min−1. At the highest airflows, aggregated particles of diameter near to or even below 1 μm may potentially be separated by the airflow. If separation of particle agglomerates is to occur, it appears far more likely to take place in the throat than in the mouth. This is especially apparent for the more physiologically faithful oropharyngeal geometries considered. 相似文献
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Joachim Meyer Yuval Bitan David Shinar 《International journal of human-computer interaction》2013,29(3):273-290
Two experiments assessed the effect of displaying a boundary on duration estimates and preference ratings for dynamic displays that were shown while users waited for the system's response. Displays were either symbolic (changing numbers) or graphic (increasing rectangles) and could contain a boundary that indicated when the interval was expected to be over. Duration estimates were similar for symbolic and graphic displays and for displays with and without a boundary. However, when the displays were encountered successively, participants assessed the graphic displays as having shorter durations than the symbolic displays. Faster rates of change in both types of displays led to increased duration estimates. Although displaying a boundary did not affect duration estimates, participants preferred displays in which a boundary was shown and preferred the graphic displays over the symbolic displays. Hence, bounded graphic displays are recommended as “wait” displays for computerized applications. 相似文献
29.
We study a generalized job-shop problem called the body shop scheduling problem (BSSP). This problem arises from the industrial application of welding in a car body production line, where possible collisions between industrial robots have to be taken into account. BSSP corresponds to a job-shop problem where the operations of a job have to follow alternating routes on the machines, certain operations of different jobs are not allowed to be processed at the same time and after processing an operation of a certain job a machine might be unavailable for a given time for operations of other jobs. As main results we will show that for three jobs and four machines the special case where only one machine is used by more than one job is already $\mathcal NP $ -hard. This also implies that the single machine scheduling problem that asks for a makespan minimal schedule of three chains of operations with delays between the operations of a chain is $\mathcal NP $ -hard. On the positive side, we present a polynomial algorithm for the two job case and a pseudo-polynomial algorithm together with an FPTAS for an arbitrary but constant number of jobs. Hence for a constant number of jobs we fully settle the complexity status of the problem. 相似文献
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