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121.
Innovative activities are fundamental to the competitiveness strategies of the firms in a globalized market. Their assessment,
using indicators such as those utilized in the Community Innovation Survey (CIS), shows significant sectoral dispersion. Traditional
industries are in a weak position because the innovation they are involved in is mainly aesthetic, which is not really addressed
in innovation surveys. In this work, we review the various criticisms levelled at existing indicators and propose some new
indicators that would capture the types of innovations that are conducted by the traditional industries. This work is based
on a study of the features of traditional industries and the concept of aesthetic novelty. The proposed indicators are tested
in the Spanish footwear industry. 相似文献
122.
Martin Meyer 《Scientometrics》2007,70(3):779-810
This contribution formulates a number of propositions about the emergence of novel nanoscience and nanotechnology (N&N). Seeking
to complement recent work that aims to define a research agenda and draws on general insights from the innovation literature,
this paper aims to synthesize knowledge from innovation-related studies of the N&N field. More specifically, it is suggested
that N&N is often misconstrued as either a field of technology or an area of (broadly) converging technologies while evidence
to date suggests rather that N&N be considered a set of inter-related and overlapping about not necessarily merging technologies.
The role of instrumentation in connecting the various N&N fields is underlined. Finally, the question is raised whether change
in N&N tends to be incremental rather than discontinuous, being the result of technological path-dependencies and lock-ins
in industry-typical search regimes that are only slowly giving way to more boundary-crossing activities. 相似文献
123.
Grant Lewison 《Scientometrics》2007,72(3):439-458
This paper describes an analysis of coverage of the risks from agricultural and food genetically-modified organisms (GMOs)
from April 2002 to April 2004 in 14 news media from six countries (Canada, France, Germany, Spain, the UK and the USA) which
was conducted as part of a review for the European Commission of the management of risk communication. A total of 597 relevant
news articles were found and coded for their presentational tone, the types of risk (environmental, financial, health and
political, in that order), the organisms described (mainly maize, rape and beet crops), and the documents, people and organisations
cited. UK news media tended to be the most “scary” and Spanish ones the most “robust”. Articles quoting public perceptions,
non-governmental environmental organisations and politicians tended to emphasize the risks of GMOs; those quoting scientists
tended to downplay the risks and describe their potential benefits. Some suggestions for possible action by the European Commission
are put forward, such as the facilitation of contact between journalists and scientists, but it is recognized that for some
newspapers, their editorial wish to campaign will inevitably over-ride their reporters’ wish to present the truth. 相似文献
124.
An evaluation of the Spanish CSIC performance in Biotechnology, as compared with those of the French CNRS and the Italian
CNR, has been carried out to determine the balance between the generation of scientific knowledge and the transfer of technology.
This study shows a high scientific productivity mostly in journals with moderate impact factor, a low generation of patents
and an insufficient transfer of knowledge to the Spanish companies. Other indicators confirm the existence of competitive
human resources in biotechnological research producing scientific knowledge of interest for the development of patents and
that cooperates successfully at European level. 相似文献
125.
This study examined why Websites were co-linked using Canadian university Websites as the test set. Pages that co-linked to
these university Websites were located using Yahool. A random sample of 859 co-linking pages (the page that initiated the
co-link) was retrieved and the contents of the page, as well as the context of the link, were manually examined to record
the following variables: language, country, type of Website, and the reasons for co-linking. The study found that in over
94% of cases, the two co-linked universities were related academically; many of these cases (38%) showed a relationship specifically
in teaching or research. This confirms results, from previous quantitative studies, that Web co-links can be a measure of
the similarity or relatedness of sites being co-linked and that Web co-link analysis can thus be used to study relationships
among linked Websites. 相似文献
126.
As in today’s knowledge society the Internet is playing an important role in the information literacy of university students
the goal of this paper is to analyse, after its first year on the Web, the informational impact of an e-learning resource
developed by Granada’s University lecturers (the e-COMS educational portal), a pioneer in Spain for training in information
literacy. From the objective and subjective data provided by the own portal and by it users, two different and complementary
kinds of analysis (functional and users’) are performed. Assessment of various capabilities, among which visibility and usability
stand out, is provided. The highly positive but improvable results offer a detailed analysis of the functional aspects of
the portal itself and of the users’ relations with this information resource. From these analyses strengths and weaknesses
are extracted and some proposals for improvement are derived. 相似文献
127.
What is the value of a scientist and its impact upon the scientific thinking? How can we measure the prestige of a journal or a conference? The evaluation of the scientific work of a scientist and the estimation of the quality of a journal or conference has long attracted significant interest, due to the benefits by obtaining an unbiased and fair criterion. Although it appears to be simple, defining a quality metric is not an easy task. To overcome the disadvantages of the present metrics used for ranking scientists and journals, J. E. Hirsch proposed a pioneering metric, the now famous h-index. In this article we demonstrate several inefficiencies of this index and develop a pair of generalizations and effective variants of it to deal with scientist ranking and publication forum ranking. The new citation indices are able to disclose trendsetters in scientific research, as well as researchers that constantly shape their field with their influential work, no matter how old they are. We exhibit the effectiveness and the benefits of the new indices to unfold the full potential of the h-index, with extensive experimental results obtained from the DBLP, a widely known on-line digital library. 相似文献
128.
Factors to evaluate a patent in addition to citations 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Shyh-Jen Wang 《Scientometrics》2007,71(3):509-522
The emergence of patent citations as a tool for patent estimation has been subjected to equally vocal champions and critics.
In additional to patent citation, this article aims to contribute other factors, including court decisions, claim language,
extension cases, patent family and portfolio, which should be deliberated during patent evaluation. It introduces the subject-matter
by discussing the specialties and peculiarities of these proposed factors. Furthermore, comparisons between the patent citations
and these factors are presented by illustrating several well-known patents. The results of the comparisons reveal that an
adverse conclusion might be drawn if a patent is estimated only based on citations. The conclusion supports Meyer’s study
that “the general nature of a common framework for both scientific and patent citations would severely limit its usefulness.”
Therefore, those factors discussed in the article would be a great asset in patent evaluation. However, it only illustrates
their impact on patent estimation using a couple well-known patents. Future research would be needed to investigate these
factors in a more detailed manner. 相似文献
129.
Do individual factors matter? A survey of scientists’ patenting in Portuguese public research organisations 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Paula Susana Figueiredo Moutinho Margarida Fontes Manuel Mira Godinho 《Scientometrics》2007,70(2):355-377
This paper addresses scientists’ behaviour regarding the patenting of knowledge produced in universities and other public
sector research organisations (PSROs). Recent years have witnessed a rapid growth in patenting and licensing activities by
PSROs. We argue that the whole process depends to a certain extent on scientists’ willingness to disclose their inventions.
Given this assumption, we conduct research into individual behaviour in order to understand scientists’ views concerning the
patenting of their research results. Data from a questionnaire survey of Portuguese researchers from nine PSROs in life sciences
and biotechnology is presented and analysed and complemented with in-depth interviews. The results reveal that overall the
scientists surveyed show a low propensity to become involved in patenting and licensing activities, despite the fact that
the majority had no “ethical” objections to the disclosure of their inventions and the commercial exploitation of these. Perceptions
about the impacts of these activities on certain fundamental aspects of knowledge production and dissemination are however
divergent. This may account for the low participation levels. Furthermore, most scientists perceived the personal benefits
deriving from this type of activity to be low. Similarly, the majority also believed that there are many difficulties associated
with the patenting process and that they receive limited support from their organisations, which lack the proper competences
and structures to assist with patenting and licensing. 相似文献
130.