Market penetration analysis of electric vehicles in the German passenger car market towards 2030

There is currently intensive public discussion of fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV) and other electric powertrains, such as battery electric vehicles (BEV), plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) and hybridized combustion engine vehicles (HEV). In this context, the German government has set the target of one million electric vehicles on the road by 2020, and six million by 2030 [1]. The goal of this paper is to identify the possible market share of electric vehicles in the German new car fleet in three scenarios in the timeframe from 2010 to 2030. The VECTOR21 vehicle technology scenario model is used to model the fleet in three scenarios. In the reference scenario with business-as-usual parameters, 189,000 electric vehicles will be sold in Germany by 2020. Scenario two with purchase price incentives from 5000 EUR, high oil prices, and low prices for hydrogen and electricity will result in 727,000 vehicles. In the last scenario with substantial OEM mark-up reductions and external conditions as in the business-as-usual scenario, 3.28 million vehicles will be sold.     

Structure and Thermal Expansion of YSZ and La2Zr2O7 Above 1500°C from Neutron Diffraction on Levitated Samples

High‐temperature time‐of‐flight neutron diffraction experiments were performed on cubic yttria‐stabilized zirconia (YSZ, 10 mol% YO_1.5) and lanthanum zirconate (LZ) prepared by laser melting. Three spheroids of each composition were aerodynamically levitated and rotated in argon flow and heated with a CO₂ laser. Unit cell, positional and atomic displacement parameters were obtained by Rietveld analysis. Below ~1650°C the mean thermal expansion coefficient (TEC) for YSZ is higher than for LZ (13 ± 1 vs. 10.3 ± 0.6) × 10^?6/K. From ~1650°C to the onset of melting of LZ at ~2250°C, TEC for YSZ and LZ are similar and within (7 ± 2) × 10^?6/K. LZ retains the pyrochlore structure up to the melting temperature with Zr coordination becoming closer to perfectly octahedral. Congruently melting LZ is La deficient. The occurrence of thermal disordering of oxygen sublattice (Bredig transition) in defect fluorite structure was deduced from the rise in YSZ TEC to ~25 × 10^?6/K at 2350°C–2550°C with oxygen displacement parameters (U_iso) reaching 0.1 Å², similar to behavior observed in UO₂. Acquisition of powder‐like high‐temperature neutron diffraction data from solid‐levitated samples is feasible and possible improvements are outlined. This methodology should be applicable to a wide range of materials for high‐temperature applications.     

Ethernet für die Feldebene

Firmen&;ProdukteSiemens A&;D, I&;S

Ethernet für die Feldebene     

Towards a cognitive foundation for knowledge representation

Abstract. Knowledge engineering, knowledge management and conceptual modelling are concerned with representing knowledge of business and organizational domains. These research areas use ontologies for knowledge representation. Ontologies are understood either in the philosophical sense as firm metaphysical commitments or in the looser sense of dictionaries or taxonomies.
This paper critically examines the understanding and use of ontologies and knowledge representation languages in information systems (IS) research and application. As ontologies are intended to be conceptualizations of a perceived reality, they should reflect the empirically observed reality. This motivates proposing psychology of language as a reference discipline for knowledge engineering and knowledge management. Natural language is argued to reflect the cognitive concepts we use to think about and perceive the world around us. These cognitive concepts are the relevant terms with which to structure and represent knowledge about the world.
Psychology of language can provide empirical justification for a particular set of concepts to represent knowledge. This paper draws on psycho-linguistic research to develop a proposal for a system of cognitive structures. This is argued to provide the relevant concepts on which to found knowledge representation schemata for knowledge engineering, knowledge management and conceptual modelling.     

结构工程师和建筑师

在工业革命的进程中，人们逐渐能够计算和生产几何形状与强度符合要求的铁（后来称为钢）结构建筑。于是统管全程的建筑大师和工作突然被划分成两个职业，建筑师和结构工程师。1748年伽利略为罗马圣彼得教堂的圆屋顶绘制了图样报告，这标志着结构工程学的诞生。     

Linear and non-linear dynamic response of sandwich panels to blast loading

The problem of the dynamic response of sandwich flat panels exposed to blast loadings is addressed. The sandwich model includes a number of non-classical effects such as the anisotropy and heterogeneity of face sheets, transverse orthotropy of the core layer, the geometrical non-linearities considered in the von Kármán sense, as well as the initial geometric imperfections. As concerns the blast pulses considered in this analysis, these are due to either an underwater/in-air explosion, or are due to a pressure wave traveling across the panel span. Implications of the explosive charge, stand-off distance, directionality property of face sheets material, damping ratio, geometric non-linearity, initial geometric imperfection, and of the characteristics of the blast, on dynamic response and dynamic magnification factor are put into evidence via a parametric study, and pertinent conclusions are outlined.     

Reactive polymer coatings: a first step toward surface engineering of microfluidic devices

We report fabrication, characterization, and use of microfluidic analysis devices containing surface-immobilized cell-capturing molecules. Amino-terminated biotin ligands are immobilized onto the luminal surface of a microdevice and effectively support self-assembly of proteins, antibodies, and mammalian cells. For this purpose, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) polymerization is used to functionalize PDMS-made microfluidic devices with poly[para-xylylene carboxylic acid pentafluorophenolester-co-para-xylylene]. The resulting reactive coating shows excellent adhesion when deposited in thin films (approximately 100 nm, and the distribution of the pentafluorophenol ester groups is reasonably uniform within the microchannel inner surface, as examined by fluorescence microscopy. The utility of these devices for cell-based bioassays is demonstrated by monitoring the concentration-dependent effect of the disintegrin echistatin on cell adhesion. The described assay format could be relevant to clinical research in various fields, including angiogenesis research.     

Rolling and recrystallisation textures in Cu–Al,Cu–Mn and Cu–Ni alloys

The development of strongly cube textured Cu based substrates is important in the cost effective production of long lengths of high temperature superconducting cables. The present paper reports textures (deformation and recrystallisation) development in pure Cu, Cu–Al, Cu–Mn (with a solute content of 1–3 at.%) and Cu–35 at.% Ni alloys.