Estimation of sampling error variance in the meta-analysis of correlations: Use of average correlation in the homogeneous case.

The estimate of the population correlation used in the formula for sampling error variance of a correlation is typically the observed correlation, but in meta-analysis the average of the observed correlations can be used. For the case in which there is no variation in the study population correlations or sample sizes and the number of studies is very large, the authors found that use of the average correlation estimator is more accurate than use of the traditional, individual correlation estimator, except in those rare cases in which the uncorrected population correlation is greater than .60. For typical sample sizes, when the uncorrected population correlation is between -.40 and .40, there is virtually no error in the meta-analysis credibility interval based on the average correlation estimator. On the other hand, the amount of the error in the individual correlation estimator is qualitatively important if the sample is 25 or less and the population correlation is less than .40. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Genetic determinants of sensitivity to ethanol in inbred mice.

Mice from 15 inbred strains (n?=?27–40 per strain) differed in sensitivity to ethanol-induced effects on open-field activity, hypothermia, rotarod ataxia, and anesthesia. Sensitivities to the different behavioral responses were generally uncorrelated. This suggests that the genetic determinants of behavioral sensitivity to one domain of ethanol effects are unrelated to those determining other responses. On the other hand, some variables were genetically related. For example, those strains sensitive to the loss of righting reflex induced by higher doses of ethanol showed reduced activity in the open field at lower doses and were more sensitive to ethanol-induced decreases in rearing. More generally, the pattern of results suggests that genetically influenced sensitivity to ethanol is not a monolithic phenomenon. Rather, it is specific to the particular response variable studied. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Parental caregiving and child externalizing behavior in nonclinical samples: A meta-analysis.

A meta-analysis of 47 studies was used to shed light on inconsistencies in the concurrent association between parental caregiving and child externalizing behavior. Parent–child associations were strongest when the measure of caregiving relied on observations or interviews, as opposed to questionnaires, and when the measure tapped combinations of parent behaviors (patterns), as opposed to single behaviors. Stronger parent–child associations were also found for older than for younger children, and for mothers than for fathers. Finally, externalizing was more strongly linked to parental caregiving for boys than for girls, especially among preadolescents and their mothers. The meta-analysis helps account for inconsistencies in findings across previous studies and supports theories emphasizing reciprocity of parent and child behavior. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Response of depressed adolescents to cognitive-behavioral treatment: Do differences in initial severity clarify the comparison of treatments?

Evaluated the impact of pretreatment depression severity and functional impairment on the response of 2 samples of older depressed adolescents (115 Ss total divided into low-severity groups and high-severity groups) to 2 group cognitive-behavioral treatments. Differences between the 2 active treatments and between active treatment and a waiting-list control condition were expected to be greater in the more severely depressed-impaired group. Improvement for the 2 active treatments in comparison to the control condition was greater in the more severely depressed group in one of the samples but not the other. The prediction that the relative effectiveness of the 2 treatments would be accentuated in the more severely depressed adolescents received no support in either sample. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Analysis of clinical trial data: The problem of outcome overlap.

The immediate goal of any clinical trial is to determine to which of a specified set of treatments future patients are to be assigned, particularly when analyzing data from clinical trials. When the outcome distributions of Experimental (E) and Control (C) treatments overlap, differences between treatment group means are not conclusive and may not be very informative, so a display of the overlapped frequency distributions and a summary measure of the probability of a random patient in E doing better than a random patient in C are needed. When outcome distributions overlap, the question of statistical model becomes crucial even when there are very significant differences between group means and very large effect sizes. Determining what patient variables interact with treatments is the route to optimal assignment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Choice between fixed and variable delays with different reward amounts.

Choice between a variable and a fixed food source was studied in pigeons. The variable source yielded different durations of access to food (changed across experimental conditions) uniquely associated with equiprobable delays of either 20 sec or 60 sec, timed from the choice point. A comparison, elapsing alternative (time-left procedure [J. Gibbon and R. M. Church; see PA, Vol 67:2812]), was associated with fixed access to feeder after a 60-sec delay, timed from the beginning of the trial. Preference was best characterized as reflecting an average of the 2 local rates of reinforcement in the variable alternative (the average of the ratio of each standard amount and its associated delay). The averaging rule characterized initial choice link data well, but terminal link responding showed that Ss also remembered the 2 delay–amount combinations separately. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Two representational systems in dynamic visual identification.

How does the visual system retain and combine information about an object across time and space? This question was investigated by manipulating the spatiotemporal continuity and form continuity of 2 perceptual objects over time. In Experiment 1 the objects were viewed in central vision within a single eye fixation, in Experiment 2 they were viewed across a saccadic eye movement, and in Experiment 3 they were viewed at different spatial and retinal locations over time. In all 3 experiments some information about the object was found to be linked to its spatiotemporal continuity, and some information was found to be independent of spatiotemporal continuity. Form continuity was found to produce no effect. The results support a theory of dynamic visual identification according to which information is maintained over time by both episodic object representations and long-term memory representations, neither of which necessarily code specific sensory information. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Roles of object-file review and type priming in visual identification within and across eye fixations.

Dynamic visual identification was investigated in 4 experiments. In Exps 1 and 2, 2 perceptual objects (2 frames, each containing a letter or 1 containing a letter and the other a plus sign) were previewed in the periphery. A saccade brought these objects to central vision. During the saccade the display was changed so that 1 frame contained a letter and the other a plus sign, and the S identified the letter by naming it aloud as rapidly as possible. In Exp 3, the retinal events of Exps 1 and 2 were simulated. In Exp 4, both the preview and the target were presented centrally within a single fixation. In all experiments both object specific and nonspecific preview benefits were observed. These results support a theory in which the preview benefits observed during visual identification arise from 2 processes, object file review and type priming. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Adolescent psychopathology: II. Psychosocial risk factors for depression.

In a prospective study of adolescent depression, adolescents (N?=?1,508) were assessed at Time 1 and after 1 yr (Time 2) on psychosocial variables hypothesized to be associated with depression. Most psychosocial variables were associated with current (n?=?45) depression. Formerly depressed adolescents (n?=?217) continued to differ from never depressed controls on many of the psychosocial variables. Many of the depression-related measures also acted as risk factors for future depression (n?=?112), especially past depression, current other mental disorders, past suicide attempt, internalizing behavior problems, and physical symptoms. Young women were more likely to be, to become, and to have been depressed. Controlling for the psychosocial variables eliminated the gender difference for current and future but not for past depression. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Titanium nitride precipitation behavior in thin-slab cast high-strength low-alloy steels

To assess the potential for obtaining and utilizing titanium nitride (TiN) refinement via the increased postsolidification cooling rates associated with thin-slab casting, TiN particle size distributions were evaluated by transmission electron microscope (TEM) examination of carbon extraction replicas. Eight commercially produced thin-slab cast TiN steels, nominally 0.05 pct C, 1.2 pct Mn, and one conventionally cast steel were received. Thin slab samples were taken from three locations in the production process: quenched after casting before the tunnel furnace, quenched after tunnel furnace soaking, and the as-rolled and air-cooled final product. Effects of cooling rate were evident in the results and agree with previously documented behavior, where precipitate size decreases with increased cooling rate. Statistical differences in particle size between specimens from steels with different chemistries were shown. These variations result from differences in the driving force for precipitation, rates of coarsening, and differences in volume fraction due to changes in steel composition. The interaction of composition and processing, such as soaking in the tunnel furnace and rolling, was found to be important. For example, the hyperstoichiometric steel (excess Ti) exhibited fine TiN after casting and soaking, but dramatic coarsening after hot rolling. This behavior was attributed to deformation enhanced particle coarsening, or incomplete precipitation after soaking, followed by continued growth during subsequent processing.