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171.
Shengyi Gao Patricia L. Mokhtarian Robert A. Johnston 《The Annals of Regional Science》2008,42(2):341-356
Using structural equation modeling, this study empirically examines the connections between job accessibility, workers per capita, income per capita, and autos per capita at the aggregate level with year 2000 census tract data in Sacramento County, CA. Under the specification of the conceptual
model, the model implied covariance matrix exhibits a reasonably good fit to the observed covariance matrix. The direct and
total effects are largely consistent with theory and/or with empirical observations across a variety of geographic contexts.
It is demonstrated that structural equation modeling is a powerful tool for capturing the endogeneity among job accessibility,
employment, income, and auto ownership. 相似文献
172.
173.
Hamm G.L. Briggs G. Burke J. Waterman J. Herig C. Johnston S. Chao H. 《Power Systems, IEEE Transactions on》1989,4(3):856-861
A panel discussion sponsored by the Marketing Task Force of the Demand Side Subcommittee is summarized. The panel discussed customers' growing needs for electrical services with different levels of quality and utilities' response to this change in the market. Panel members included a consumer, technical experts, and marketing experts. The discussion is particularly important to utility personnel and marketing professionals interested in marketing solutions to power quality problems 相似文献
174.
Stephen Johnston Christopher McCready Daniel Hazen Darin VanDerwalker David Kazmer 《Polymer Engineering and Science》2015,55(12):2743-2750
An auxiliary process controller was designed, implemented, and validated for on‐line process and quality optimization. The objective function included terms related to the process variation, model uncertainty, and control energy. The controller architecture relied on characterized models including both process transfer functions and principal components analysis to perform on‐line optimization in parallel with the physical molding process. New process and quality observations were input to the controller to update the models and provided new settings for the machine controller. Experimentation included characterization with a D‐optimal design of experiments followed by a validation to measure the controller's performance with respect to controller stability, extrinsic material variation, cycle time reduction, and other common manufacturing goals. In every case, the controller was able to reduce the value of the objective function while also improving the part dimensions relative to tight tolerance specifications. While characterization experiments could be costly, the use of the resulting process models greatly speeds convergence and facilitates the consideration of various cost and quality terms in the objective function. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 55:2743–2750, 2015. © 2015 Society of Plastics Engineers 相似文献
175.
Adam W. Welch Lauryn L. Baranowski Pawel Zawadzki Clay DeHart Steve Johnston Stephan Lany Colin A. Wolden Andriy Zakutayev 《Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications》2016,24(7):929-939
Development of alternative thin film photovoltaic technologies is an important research topic because of the potential of low‐cost, high‐efficiency solar cells to produce terawatt levels of clean power. However, this development of unexplored yet promising absorbers can be hindered by complications that arise during solar cell fabrication. Here, a high‐throughput combinatorial method is applied to accelerate development of photovoltaic devices, in this case, using the novel CuSbS2 absorber via a newly developed three‐stage self‐regulated growth process to control absorber purity and orientation. Photovoltaic performance of the absorber, using the typical substrate CuInxGa1 − xSe2 (CIGS) device architecture, is explored as a function of absorber quality and thickness using a variety of back contacts. This study yields CuSbS2 device prototypes with ~1% conversion efficiency, suggesting that the optimal CuSbS2 device fabrication parameters and contact selection criteria are quite different than for CIGS, despite the similarity of these two absorbers. The CuSbS2 device efficiency is at present limited by low short‐circuit current because of bulk recombination related to defects, and a small open‐circuit voltage because of a theoretically predicted cliff‐type conduction band offset between CuSbS2 and CdS. Overall, these results illustrate both the potential and limits of combinatorial methods to accelerate the development of thin film photovoltaic devices using novel absorbers. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
176.
David O. Kazmer Suganya Velusamy Sarah Westerdale Stephen Johnston Robert X. Gao 《Polymer Engineering and Science》2010,50(10):2031-2043
The effectiveness of seven methods for controlling switchover from the filling to packing stage were investigated, including: (1) screw position, (2) injection time, (3) machine pressure, (4) nozzle pressure, (5) runner pressure near the sprue, (6) cavity pressure near the gate, and (7) cavity temperature at the end of flow. The activation threshold for each of the seven switchover methods was iteratively determined so as to produce similar part weights relative to a standard process. A design of experiments was implemented for each of the seven switchover methods that perturbs the process settings by an amount equal to six standard deviations of the standard process so as to replicate the expected long‐term process variation. The results suggest that conventional switchover methods (e.g., screw position) had lower short‐term variation, but other methods were more robust with respect to rejecting long‐term process variation. The merits of different dimensional measurements for quality control are also discussed relative to the society of the plastics industry (SPI) standard tolerances. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 50:2031–2043, 2010. © 2010 Society of Plastics Engineers 相似文献
177.
Measurements of interfacial tensions for 2-ethyl-hexanol-(propylene oxide)∼4.5-(ethylene oxide)∼8 (2EH-PO4.5-EO8) at the planar water-CO2 interface and the surfactant distribution coefficient are utilized to explain microemulsion and macroemulsion phase behavior from 24 to 60 °C and 6.9 to 27.6 MPa. A CO2 captive bubble technique has been developed to measure the interfacial tension γ at a known surfactant concentration in the aqueous phase, with rapid equilibration at the water-CO2 interface. The surface pressure (γo − γ) decreases modestly with density at constant temperature as CO2 solvates the surfactant tails more effectively, but changes little with temperature at constant density. The area per surfactant at the CO2-water interface determined from the Gibbs adsorption equation decreases from 250 A2/molecule at 24 °C and 6.9 MPa, to 200 A2/molecule at 27.6 MPa. It was approximately twofold larger than that at the water-air interface, given the much smaller γo driving force for surfactant adsorption. For systems with added NaCl, γ decreases with salinity at low CO2 densities as the surfactant partitions from water towards the W-C interface. At high densities, salt drives the surfactant from the W-C interface to CO2 and raises γ. Compared with most hydrocarbon surfactants, this dual tail surfactant is unusually CO2-philic in that it partitions primarily into the CO2 phase versus the water phase at CO2 densities above 0.8 g/ml, and produces γ values below 1 mN/m. With this small γ, a middle phase microemulsion and a C/W microemulsion were formed at low temperatures and high CO2 densities, whereas macroemulsions were formed at other conditions. 相似文献
178.
Robert A. Moreau Kevin B. Hicks David B. Johnston Nathan P. Laun 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2010,87(8):895-902
A study was conducted to examine the chemical composition of corn oil obtained after fermentation of corn to make fuel ethanol
via centrifugation and compare its composition to that of corn germ oil (commercial corn oil) and experimental corn oils.
The levels of free fatty acids in the post fermentation corn oil were high (11–16%), as previously reported. The levels of
free phytosterols and hydroxycinnamate steryl esters (similar to oryzanol in rice bran oil) were higher than those of corn
germ oil and were comparable to those of ethanol-extracted corn kernel oil. The levels of tocopherols were lower in post-fermentation
oil than in either corn germ oil or ethanol extracted corn kernel oil. The levels of lutein and zeaxanthin in post-fermentation
were much higher than those in corn germ oil and were comparable to those in ethanol-extracted corn kernel oil. Overall, exposure
to all upstream processes of a fuel ethanol plant, including high-temperature liquefaction, saccharification and fermentation
appeared to have the most notable effect on tocopherols, but it had little effect on the levels of free phytosterols, hydroxycinnamate
steryl esters, lutein and zeaxanthin. It may be desirable to recover these valuable functional lipids prior to using the post-fermentation
corn oil for industrial applications such as making biodiesel if a cost-effective recovery process can be developed. 相似文献
179.
David A. Johnston 《Energy and Buildings》2010,42(1):63-68
A building-integrated solar energy system, based on the traditional Chinese building (e.g., pagoda) - buildings with roofing at intermediate levels (known as eaves) - was investigated, with regard to providing for heating and cooling demands. A number of building parameters, related to energy exchange - solar absorptivity of the exterior wall, level of glazing, etc. - were optimised to minimise demand, and the orientation and tilt of the panels were selected to provide maximum energy at the times of maximum demand. Each parameter was investigated for a range of locations, in order to identify trends, which could then be applied to other locations. In most cases, solar power was sufficient to meet the cooling demands. For a number of locations, solar power provided some, but not all, of the heating loads. 相似文献
180.
The influence of oxidation reduction potential and water treatment processes on quartz lamp sleeve fouling in ultraviolet disinfection reactors 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Ultraviolet (UV) disinfection systems are incorporated into drinking water production facilities because of their broad-spectrum antimicrobial capabilities, and the minimal disinfection by-product formation that generally accompanies their use. Selection of an optimal location for a UV system within a drinking water treatment facility depends on many factors; a potentially important consideration is the effect of system location on operation and maintenance issues, including the potential for fouling of quartz surfaces. To examine the effect of system location on fouling, experiments were conducted at a groundwater treatment facility, wherein aeration, chlorination, and sand filtration were applied sequentially for treatment. In this facility, access to the water stream was available prior to and following each of the treatment steps. Therefore, it was possible to examine the effects of each of these unit operations on fouling dynamics within a UV system. Results indicated zero-order formation kinetics for the fouling reactions at all locations. Increases in oxidation reduction potential, caused by water treatment steps such as aeration and chlorination, increased the rate of sleeve fouling and the rate of irradiance loss within the reactor. Analysis of metals in the sleeve foulant showed that calcium and iron predominate, and relative comparisons of foulant composition to water chemistry highlighted a high affinity for incorporation into the foulant matrix for both iron and manganese, particularly after oxidizing treatment steps. Fouling behavior was observed to be in qualitative agreement with representations of the degree of saturation, relative to the metal:ligand combinations that are believed to comprise a large fraction of the foulants that accumulate on the surfaces of quartz jackets in UV systems used to treat water. 相似文献