English–Korean speech translation corpus (EnKoST-C): Construction procedure and evaluation results

We present an English–Korean speech translation corpus, named EnKoST-C. End-to-end model training for speech translation tasks often suffers from a lack of parallel data, such as speech data in the source language and equivalent text data in the target language. Most available public speech translation corpora were developed for European languages, and there is currently no public corpus for English–Korean end-to-end speech translation. Thus, we created an EnKoST-C centered on TED Talks. In this process, we enhance the sentence alignment approach using the subtitle time information and bilingual sentence embedding information. As a result, we built a 559-h English–Korean speech translation corpus. The proposed sentence alignment approach showed excellent performance of 0.96 f-measure score. We also show the baseline performance of an English–Korean speech translation model trained with EnKoST-C. The EnKoST-C is freely available on a Korean government open data hub site.     

Synthesis of tungsten monocarbide by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis in the presence of an activative additive

Tungsten monocarbide was synthesized by Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesis. A SHS technique was developed in this work for W-C system characterized by a low adiabatic combustion temperature of 1000 K. Samples were synthesized by in combustion wave propagating along compacts of elemental tungsten, carbon and a highly exothermal mixture [Mg + (-C₂F₄-)n] as an activative additive under argon atomsphere of 1 atm. A quite high conversion rate was achieved at a combustion temperature of 2109 K. It is shown that in the presence of a small amount of (about 10 wt.%) the additive mixture acquires the capacity to burn and sustain the combustion front wave propagating. The lattic of tungsten monocarbide obtained was hexagonal and its particle size was 1 2 m. In the final product, MgF₂ and asmall amount of W₂C, both byproducts, were completely removed by acidic leaching. The purity of the tungsten monocarbide was 99% after leaching.     

Factors influencing rumen microbial growth rates and yields: effects of urea and amino acids over time.

Washed cell suspensions of mixed rumen bacteria were used to evaluate effects of 100% urea-nitrogen and 75% urea-nitrogen plus 25% amino acid-nitrogen in growth media upon microbial growth rate and yield, specific rate of glucose consumption, and incorporation of glucose into mixed cells, carbon dioxide, and end products. Rumen microbial dry matter, nitrogen, ribonucleic acid, deoxyribonucleic acid, glucose disappearance, and production of volatile fatty acids were considerably higher in medium containing urea plus amino acids as compared with urea only. Specific growth rates of microbes were .104 and .203 and mean doubling times were 6.7 and 3.4 h in the urea and urea plus amino acid growth media. Microbial growth in mg per 100 mg glucose used, per mole glucose and per mole adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and specific rate of glucose consumption in mmol per mg cells-h were 19.3, 34.7, 15.4, and .016 with urea, and 24.4, 44.2, 20.6, and .014 with urea plus amino acids. Percentages of catabolized glucose incorporated into microbial cells, carbon dioxide, and end products did not differ between treatments and averaged 19.5, 7.8, and 64.4%.     

Impact of H‐Doping on n‐Type TMD Channels for Low‐Temperature Band‐Like Transport

Band‐like transport behavior of H‐doped transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) channels in field effect transistors (FET) is studied by conducting low‐temperature electrical measurements, where MoTe₂, WSe₂, and MoS₂ are chosen for channels. Doped with H atoms through atomic layer deposition, those channels show strong n‐type conduction and their mobility increases without losing on‐state current as the measurement temperature decreases. In contrast, the mobility of unintentionally (naturally) doped TMD FETs always drops at low temperatures whether they are p‐ or n‐type. Density functional theory calculations show that H‐doped MoTe₂, WSe₂, and MoS₂ have Fermi levels above conduction band edge. It is thus concluded that the charge transport behavior in H‐doped TMD channels is metallic showing band‐like transport rather than thermal hopping. These results indicate that H‐doped TMD FETs are practically useful even at low‐temperature ranges.     

Effect of acetic acids on the corrosion crack growth of 3.5NiCrMoV steels in high temperature water: synergistic interaction between stress corrosion and corrosion fatigue

Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) tests (pH: 3 ~ 5) and Corrosion Fatigue (CF) tests (R = 0.2, 0.1 Hz) were conducted to evaluate the effect of acetic acid on the corrosion crack growth behavior in high temperature water at 150°C. Acetic acid significantly influenced the corrosion fatigue cracking behavior of turbine disc steels in high temperature water. The CF crack growth rates of turbine disc steels increase until the organic acid concentration reaches a critical saturation value (between pH 4 and pH 3) because of the crack tip sharpening. Below the critical value of pH, the CF crack growth rates decreases because of the crack tip blunting. The corrosion fatigue crack growth rate is accelerated by the interaction of the fatigue and the stress corrosion in the test environment. The synergistic interaction should be accounted for in the realistic prediction of the corrosion fatigue life of turbine steel (3.5NiCrMoV steels) in high temperature water of acetic acid solution. With the high temperature corrosion fatigue data obtained in this study, it is possible to assess the life of turbine components in high temperature and high pressure.     

Context-aware BPEL workflow system using aspect-oriented programming

Business process execution language(BPEL)is a most recognized standard workflow language.However,it is difficult to be used in the ubiquitous system computing environment because it is difficult to describe the context information in the selection of the flow through the branch.To solve this problem,we propose a new BPEL workflow system with context-awareness by using aspect-oriented programming(AOP).This system is composed of a BPEL system module and a weaving module using AOP for context-aware.The BPEL system module generates a BPEL workflow program.And the weaving module converts a context-aware mark-up language(CAML)document to the aspect-oriented program that is applied to context-aware code without modification of the existing BPEL document.We also define a new document form that is called CAML,which provides a context-aware that is not available in BPEL.The system can generate a context-aware workflow program.It is developed in a way that inserts context information using AOP to provide context-aware services.     

UNSTRUCTURED GRID FINITE VOLUME ANALYSIS FOR ACOUSTIC AND PULSED WAVE PROPAGATION CHARACTERISTICS IN EXHAUST SILENCER SYSTEMS

Abstract

The unstructured grid finite volume method has been applied to predict the linear and nonlinear attenuation characteristics of the expansion chamber type silencer system. In order to achieve grid flexibility and a solution adaptation for geometrically complex flow regions associated with the actual silencers, the unstructured mesh algorithm in context with the node-centered finite volume method has been employed. The validation cases for the linear and nonlinear wave propagation characteristics include the acoustic field of the concentric expansion chamber and the axisymmetric blast flow field with the open end. Effects of the chamber geometry on the nonlinear wave propagation characteristics are discussed in detail.     

Systolic array algorithm for the Hopfield neural network guaranteeing convergence

It has been frequently reported that the Hopfield neural network operating in discrete-time and parallel update mode will not converge to a stable state, which inhibits the parallel execution of the model. The authors propose a systolic array algorithm for the parallel simulation of the Hopfield neural network which guarantees the convergence of the network and achieves linear speedup as the number of processors is increased.<>     

Dynamics of fermentation of a purified diet and microbial growth in the rumen.

Ruminal fermentation and disappearance of glucose, starch, and cellulose, and incorporation of glucose and starch into microbial cells were estimated in a fistulated Jersey cow fed twice daily a purified diet containing urea as the sole nitrogen source. Estimated rumen volume was 59.8 liters. Turnover time and rate of passage of rumen contents were 33.4 h and 1.8 liters per h. Turnover times of glucose, starch, and cellulose were .17, 4.7, and 14.2 h. Fermentation times of glucose, starch, and cellulose were .17, 5.5, and 25.1 h. Percentages of glucose, starch, and cellulose utilized in the rumen were 99.4, 85.4, and 60.6. Thus, 18.5% of the carbohydrate fed bypassed rumen fermentation, and 81.5% was utilized in the rumen. All glucose disappeared from the rumen within an hour. An average of 32.1, 43.0, and 14%, respectively, of glucose utilized was incorporated into microbial cells, volatile fatty acids, and carbon dioxide. Percentage of starch incorporated into cells varied, with time being highest 2 h after feeding at 40% and lowest at 20%, 10 h after feeding. Respective percentages of starch incorporated into microbial cells, volatile fatty acids, and carbon dioxide were 32.4, 45.9; and 13.3. Total microbial protein and cell yields per kilogram carbohydrate utilized in the rumen were 77.1 and 117.5 g. Microbial cell yield per mole (estimated) of adenosine triphosphate was 16.2 g.