Medical Image Encryption Based on Hybrid Chaotic DNA Diffusion

Wireless Personal Communications - We explore the use of two chaotic systems (Bernoulli shift map and Zizag map) coupled with deoxyribonucleic acid coding in an encryption scheme for medical images...     

Design Principles for Cationic,Astrocyte-Targeted Probes

The brain's astrocytes play key roles in normal and pathological brain processes. Targeting small molecules to astrocytes in the presence of the many other cell types in the brain will provide useful tools for their visualization and manipulation. Herein, we explore the functional consequences of synthetic modifications to a recently described astrocyte marker composed of a bright rhodamine-based fluorophore and an astrocyte-targeting moiety. We altered the nature of the targeting moiety to probe the dependence of astrocyte targeting on hydrophobicity, charge, and pK_a when exposed to astrocytes and neurons isolated from the mouse cortex. We found that an overall molecular charge of +2 and a targeting moiety with a heterocyclic aromatic amine are important requirements for specific and robust astrocyte labeling. These results provide a basis for engineering astrocyte-targeted molecular tools with unique properties, including metabolite sensing or optogenetic control.     

Estimating underground mine ventilation friction factors from low density 3D data acquired by a moving LiDAR

Ventilation system analysis for underground mines has remained mostly unchanged since the Atkinson method was made popular by Mc Elroy in 1935. Data available to ventilation technicians and engineers is typically limited to the quantity of air moving through any given heading. Because computer-aided modelling, simulation, and ventilation system design tools have improved, it is now important to ensure that developed models have the most accurate information possible. This paper presents a new technique for estimating underground drift friction factors that works by processing 3 D point cloud data obtained by using a mobile Li DAR. Presented are field results that compare the proposed approach with previously published algorithms, as well as with manually acquired measurements.     

Development and application of a real-time water environment cyberinfrastructure for kayaker safety in the Apostle Islands,Lake Superior

Assessing all pertinent environmental variables to categorize a skill level to safely navigate the water environment can be difficult for inexperienced kayakers, especially at a remote site where internet access is limited. A real-time kayaker safety assessment of water environmental conditions at the Mainland Sea Caves of the Apostle Islands National Lakeshore, Lake Superior is achieved. We present a new cyberinfrastructure that provides kayakers with real-time data access and a Safety Index (SI) with consideration of multiple environmental factors to characterize the degree of navigational difficulty for classifying kayaker skill levels. Specifically, radar reflectivity is added to improve forecasts of dangerous conditions caused by convective storms using state-of-the-art weather and wave modeling. Spectral characteristics of surface waves are employed to correlate the occurrences of extreme and freak waves. In addition, unexpectedly dangerous conditions like coastal upwelling and freak wave occurrence due to changing wind directions are considered. A contingency plan is implemented to handle the issue of possibly missing required environmental data. Display of the SI and visualization of other real-time environmental data are communicated by a power-efficient kiosk. Web analytics demonstrates a public interest in real-time water conditions and the need for the on-site kiosk to provide the latest information before kayakers enter the water. The new real-time water environment cyberinfrastructure for kayaker safety in the Apostle Islands, Lake Superior has been successfully operated since 2014.     

Effect of Interlayer Interval Time on the Microstructure and Mechanical Behavior of Additively Manufactured WE43 Mg Alloy

Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A - Additive manufacturing of magnesium (Mg) alloys has gained interest for the potential to fabricate complex geometries for extreme light-weighting or...     

Gas Chromatographic Enantiomer Separation of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs): Methods,Metabolisms, Enantiomeric Composition in Environmental Samples and their Interpretation

The year 2016 not only marks the 50^th anniversary of the first successful discovery of gas chromatographic (GC) enantiomer separations in 1966 by Gil-Av, but also the less appraised 50^th anniversary of the discovery of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the environment. This article reports on GC enantiomer separations of axially stable, chiral PCBs (PCB atropisomers) with modified cyclodextrins. Nineteen atropisomeric PCBs exist, but most data exists for four PCB atropisomers (PCB 95, PCB 132, PCB 149, and PCB 136), which can be resolved without significant coelutions on three columns coated with modified cyclodextrins. Nonracemic compositions of PCB atropisomers and their hydroxylated metabolites have been documented in various studies. However, the measured enantiomer fractions are currently difficult to interpret und understand. The most plausible reasons for these difficulties are discussed and interpreted with the help of selected examples from the literature.     

User disposition and extent of Web utilization: A trait hierarchy approach

As it evolves, the World Wide Web (the Web) increasingly reveals the potential to enhance new aspects of our daily lives. While some take full advantage of the Web's diverse and cutting edge offerings, others choose to limit the extent of their utilization to a small subset of the Web's available functions. Recognizing this variation, a growing body of research investigates the drivers of usage behavior on the Web. Individual differences, namely broad personality and IT-specific traits, are highlighted within this stream as important predictors of Web use. Although substantial progress has been made, an important issue still facing trait research in this area is the absence of a theory-grounded basis for inter-relating broad personality and IT-specific traits. As a result, the accumulation of extant trait research is characterized by a disjointed assortment of trait constructs lacking clear theoretical linkages with one another. Additionally, while numerous studies have investigated isolated Web usage behaviors, an important outcome that remains under-investigated is the extent of an individual's utilization of the Web overall. Addressing these issues, the current study leverages the hierarchical view of traits to develop a theory-grounded, integrative model of broad personality and IT-specific traits. After developing the hierarchical model, the integrated network of traits is positioned as a direct antecedent of Web utilization and empirically tested via a two-stage field survey of 230 Web users. The results corroborate most of the hypotheses, providing support for the hierarchical view and extending the knowledge base on Web-user behavior. Overall, this study unifies disjointed personality and IT-specific trait constructs and offers theoretical guidance for future studies, introducing a much-needed ground for cumulative tradition within this stream.     

The Flexible Rare Event Sampling Harness System (FRESHS)

We present the software package FRESHS (http://www.freshs.org) for parallel simulation of rare events using sampling techniques from the ‘splitting’ family of methods. Initially, Forward Flux Sampling (FFS) and Stochastic Process Rare Event Sampling (SPRES) have been implemented. These two methods together make rare event sampling available for both quasi-static and full non-equilibrium regimes. Our framework provides a plugin system for software implementing the underlying physics of the system of interest. At present, example plugins exist for our framework to steer the popular MD packages GROMACS, LAMMPS and ESPResSo, but due to the simple interface of our plugin system, it is also easy to attach other simulation software or self-written code. Use of our framework does not require recompilation of the simulation program. The modular structure allows the flexible implementation of further sampling methods or physics engines and creates a basis for objective comparison of different sampling algorithms.     

Herpes simplex virus-2 transmission probability estimates based on quantity of viral shedding

Herpes simplex virus (HSV)-2 is periodically shed in the human genital tract, most often asymptomatically, and most sexual transmissions occur during asymptomatic shedding. It would be helpful to identify a genital viral load threshold necessary for transmission, as clinical interventions that maintain viral quantity below this level would be of high utility. However, because viral expansion, decay and re-expansion kinetics are extremely rapid during shedding episodes, it is impossible to directly measure genital viral load at the time of sexual activity. We developed a mathematical model based on reproducing shedding patterns in transmitting partners, and median number of sex acts prior to transmission in discordant couples, to estimate infectivity of single viral particles in the negative partner''s genital tract. We then inferred probability estimates for transmission at different levels of genital tract viral load in the transmitting partner. We predict that transmission is unlikely at viral loads less than 10⁴ HSV DNA copies. Moreover, most transmissions occur during prolonged episodes with high viral copy numbers. Many shedding episodes that result in transmission do not reach the threshold of clinical detection, because the ulcer remains very small, highlighting one reason why HSV-2 spreads so effectively within populations.