Elimination of organic matter present in wastewaters from the cork industry by membrane filtration

BACKGROUND: The first stage of the cork industrial process generates great volumes of wastewater with moderate to high organic pollutant content that must be purified using different procedures, such as filtration by membranes. RESULTS: The tangential filtration of these wastewaters was studied using two different laboratory equipments. In the first one, three ultrafiltration (UF) membranes were tested, with molecular weight cut‐off (MWCO) 100 kDa and 30 kDa, and two operating modes were used: total recycling of permeate and retentate streams, and in continuous mode, without recycling both streams. In the total recycling UF experiments, the influence of the operating variables on the permeate flux was first established. The effectiveness of the different membranes was determined by evaluating the rejection coefficients for several parameters that measure the global pollutant content of the effluent. The values found for these rejection coefficients were in the following order: ellagic acid and color > absorbance at 254 nm > tannic content > COD (chemical oxygen demand). In the continuous mode experiments, the fouling mechanism for each membrane was established by fitting the experimental data to various filtration fouling models given in the literature. The operating mode in the second equipment was batch concentration, and additional experiments were carried out with an UF membrane (2 kDa), and with a NF membrane (with MWCO in the range 150–300 Da). CONCLUSIONS: The three operating modes tested provided different rejection levels of organic matter; among them, the most effective procedure tested was batch concentration mode using a NF membrane. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

Optimal management of logistic activities in multi-site environments

The new emerging area of Enterprise Wide Optimization (EWO) has focused the attention in effectively solving the combined production/distribution scheduling problem. The importance of logistic activities performed in multi-site environments comes from the relative magnitude of the associated transportation costs and the good chance of getting large savings on such expenses. This paper first develops an exact MILP mathematical formulation for the multiple vehicle time-window-constrained pickup and delivery (MVPDPTW) problem. The approach is able to account for many-to-many transportation requests, pure pickup and delivery tasks, heterogeneous vehicles and multiple depots. Optimal solutions for a variety of benchmark problems with cluster/random distributions of pickup and delivery locations and limited sizes in terms of customer requests and vehicles have been discovered. However, the computational cost exponentially grows with the number of requests. For large-scale m-PDPTW problems, a local search improvement algorithm steadily providing a better solution through two evolutionary steps is also presented. A neighborhood structure around the starting solution is generated by first allowing multiple request exchanges among nearby trips and then permitting the reordering of nodes on every individual route. If a better set of routes is found, both steps are repeated until no improved solution is discovered. Compact MILP mathematical formulations for both sub-problems have been developed and solved through an efficient branch-and-bound algorithm. A significant number of large-scale m-PDPTW benchmark problems, some of them including up to 100 transportation requests, were successfully solved in reasonable CPU times.     

Molecular weight effect on the obtainment of parallel and perpendicular orientation in thermotropic poly(diethylene glycol <Emphasis Type="Italic">p,p′</Emphasis>-bibenzoate)

Summary The effect of molecular weight on the uniaxial orientation process has been analyzed in two samples of thermotropic poly(diethylene glycol p,p′-bibenzoate), evaluating the influence of that parameter on the type of orientation obtained. Several strain rates and deformation temperatures have been tested in order to map out the conditions for obtaining the two different kinds of orientation. The results show that in the lower molecular weight PDEB sample (M_w=31200) it is rather easy to get exclusively perpendicular “anomalous” orientation, with the molecular axes aligned transversely to the stretching direction. However, it is extremely difficult to obtain 100% parallel “normal” orientation. On the contrary, either type of orientation or a mixture of them can be easily developed for the higher molecular weight PDEB sample (M_w=102900).     

基于XML的基金会现场总线设备描述技术

本文简单介绍了基金会现场总线FF的设备描述和新一代稳定、可靠、通用的网络标记语言XML的特点，提出了一种用XML语言实现设备描述的方法。     

Self-adjusting the intensity of assortative mating in genetic algorithms

Mate selection plays a crucial role in both natural and artificial systems. While traditional Evolutionary Algorithms (EA) usually engage in random mating strategies, that is, mating chance is independent of genotypic or phenotypic distance between individuals, in natural systems non-random mating is common, which means that somehow this mechanism has been favored during the evolutionary process. In non-random mating, the individuals mate according to their parenthood or likeness. Previous studies indicate that negative assortative mating (AM)—also known as dissortative mating—, which is a specific type of non-random mating, may improve EAs performance by maintaining the genetic diversity of the population at a higher level during the search process. In this paper we present the Variable Dissortative Mating Genetic Algorithm (VDMGA). The algorithm holds a mechanism that varies the GA’s mating restrictions during the run by means of simple rule based on the number of chromosomes created in each generation and indirectly influenced by the genetic diversity of the population. We compare VDMGA not only with traditional Genetic Algorithms (GA) but also with two preceding non-random mating EAs: the CHC algorithm and the negative Assortative Mating Genetic Algorithm (nAMGA). We intend to study the effects of the different methods in the performance of GAs and verify the reliability of the proposed algorithm when facing an heterogeneous set of landscapes. In addition, we include the positive Assortative Mating Genetic Algorithm (pAMGA) in the experiments in order test both negative and positive AM mechanisms, and try to understand if and when negative AM (or DM) speeds up the search process or enables the GAs to escape local optima traps. For these purposes, an extensive set of optimization test problems was chosen to cover a variety of search landscapes with different characteristics. Our results confirm that negative AM is effective in leading EAs out of local optima traps, and show that the proposed VDMGA is at least as efficient as nAMGA when applied to the range of our problems, being more efficient in very hard functions were traditional GAs usually fail to escape local optima. Also, scalability tests have been made that show VDMGA ability to decrease optimal population size, thus reducing the amount of evaluations needed to attain global optima. We like to stress that only two parameters need to be hand-tuned in VDMGA, thus reducing the tuning effort present in traditional GAs and nAMGA.     

Effect of Heat Treatment on Luminescent Properties of White Organic Light Emitting Device

The white organic light emitting device (OLED) with single-structure using a polymer blend as the light emitting layer is fabricated. Heat treatment is used to control the ratio between the intensities of main electroluminescent spectral peaks. The electroluminescent spectrum of our device is quite similar to that of white inorganic LED produced by Nichia Corporation after being annealed, and its turn-on voltage can be decreased by 1V.     

Real-Time Three-Dimensional Occupancy Grid Modeling for the Detection and Tracking of Construction Resources

Awareness of the construction environment can be improved by automatic three-dimensional (3D) sensing and modeling of job sites in real time. Commercially available 3D modeling approaches based on range scanning techniques are capable of modeling static objects only, and thus cannot model dynamic objects in real time in an environment comprised of moving humans, equipment, and materials. Emerging prototype video range cameras offer an alternative by facilitating affordable, wide field of view, dynamic object tracking at frame rates better than 1?Hz (real time). This paper describes a methodology to model, detect, and track the position of static and moving objects in real time, based on data obtained from video range cameras. Experiments with this technology have produced results that indicate that video rate 3D data acquisition and analysis of construction environments can support effective modeling, detection, and tracking of project resources. This approach to job site awareness has inherent value and broad application. In combination with effective management practices and other sensing techniques, this technology has the potential to significantly improve safety on construction job sites.     

Fullerene Reactivity in an Oxygen Plasma

Fullerene reactivity in an oxygen plasma was measured and compared with those determined under the same conditions for a comprehensive set of 50 carbon materials. The possible reasons for the high plasma reactivity of the fullerene sample in an oxygen plasma are discussed.     

Abrasive wear of dental composite resins

Abrasive wear is a major problem in the application of dental composite resins. In this study the friction and wear behaviours of two types of dental composites: one containing relatively coarse filler particles and some microfillers (Estilux) and another containing only microfiller particles (Durafill), have been investigated by using a scratch testing machine. Experimental results show that the coefficients of friction in both composites are essentially constant for applied loads up to 20 N. The wear resistance of Durafill is better than Estilux. Under the same testing conditions, the size, shape and distribution of the filler particles are more important variables than applied load and sliding speed in controlling the wear mechanism. It is shown that for Estilux, plastic ploughing by the diamond indenter is the predominant mechanism. For Durafill, however, the formation and propagation of tensile cracks on the worn surface is the main wear mechanism. The effects of two different indenters, diamond and enamel, on the basic wear mechanisms are also discussed.