水溶性膳食纤维聚葡萄糖对高脂血症仓鼠降血脂作用研究

用含胆固醇0.1%、猪油20%的高脂饲料喂饲健康雄性仓鼠(Hamster),诱发高脂血症的同时分别加入5%纤维素和聚葡萄糖(Polydextrose),观察水溶性膳食纤维聚葡萄糖对仓鼠生长、血清脂质和肝脏脂质含量的影响.结果表明:1)聚葡萄糖能有效地降低进食高脂饲料仓鼠的空腹血清总胆固醇(TC)和非高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(Non-HDL-C)含量,对空腹血清三酰甘油(TC)水平无影响;2)聚葡萄糖能有效地降低喂饲4周仓鼠肝脏组织胆固醇的含量,对三酰甘油水平无影响;3)聚葡萄糖在5%摄入水平对仓鼠生长无不良影响.     

Relationship between collagen characteristics,lipid content and raw and cooked texture of meat from young bulls of fifteen European breeds

Variations in texture were determined for 10 day aged raw and cooked Longissimus thoracis (LT) muscle from 436 bulls of 15 European cattle breeds slaughtered at an age of 13–16 months. Variations in texture were related to differences in pH 24 h post-mortem, sarcomere length, collagen characteristics and lipid content. The shear force of cooked meat samples varied from 43.8 to 67.4 N/cm². Simmental, Highland and Marchigiana cattle had the highest shear force values and Avileña-Negra Ibérica, Charolais, Casina and Pirenaica cattle had the lowest values. Cooked meat toughness showed a weak negative correlation to lipid content (P < 0.001) but no correlation to collagen characteristics. Raw meat texture measured by compression correlated positively (P < 0.001) with total and insoluble collagen. In conclusion, collagen characteristics showed correlation to raw meat texture but not to cooked meat toughness of LT muscle in European young bulls.     

Effect of acid hydrolysis in the presence of anhydrous alcohols on the structure,thermal and pasting properties of normal,waxy and high‐amylose maize starches

Maize starches with different amylose contents (0%, 23% and 55%) were treated in anhydrous methanol, ethanol, 2‐propanol, 1‐butanol with 0.36% HCl at 25 °C for 5 days. Results showed that the extent of change in physicochemical properties increased from methanol to butanol. Treated waxy maize starch showed higher than 65% solubility at above 75 °C. The diffraction peak at 2θ = 5.3° of amylomaize V starch disappeared after treatment in ethanol, 2‐propanol and 1‐butanol. Acid–alcohol treatment decreased the gelatinisation temperature of normal (from 64.5 to 61.9 °C) and waxy maize (from 68.1 to 61.1 °C) starches, while it increased that of amylomaize V (from 68.7 to 72.3 °C) starch. The extent of the decrease in the pasting viscosity followed the following order: amylomaize V < normal maize < waxy maize. This study indicated that acid–alcohol treatment degraded preferentially the amorphous regions and the different changes depended on the crystal structure and amylose content of starch.     

金盏菊花中色素的提取工艺及稳定性研究

目的：确定金盏菊花色素的最佳提取工艺,并对其稳定性进行研究。方法：以浸提法对金盏菊花中的色素进行提取,通过对提取剂、料液比、提取温度、提取时间4因素进行,L9(34)正交试验得到最佳提取条件;同时考察光照、热和食品添加剂等对色素稳定性的影响。结果：金盏菊花色素最佳提取工艺为提取剂90%乙醇、料液比1:8(g/mL)、在70℃水浴中浸提40min;该色素在酸性条件下稳定性较好,对光和热稳定性好;pH值对色素的稳定性影响较大,在酸性条件(pH5)下该色素较稳定;常用食品添加剂如葡萄糖、蔗糖对色素的色泽无不良影响,金属离子Na+、Mg2+、Ca2+、Cu2+对金盏菊花色素无不良影响,而Fe3+则对色素有明显影响。结论：获得金盏菊花中色素提取的最佳工艺;色素对光、热、常用食品添加剂的稳定性良好,为其在食品和药品中的应用提供了广阔的前景。     

氮肥用量对油菜产量及氮素利用效率的影响

通过大田试验研究氮肥用量对油菜产量、养分含量、养分累积量及氮肥利用效率的影响。结果表明,与不施氮相比,施氮肥75、150和225kg/hm2平均分别增产41.9%、70.3%和66.2%,籽粒含氮量分别提高9.1%、14.2%和13.1%,植株地上部氮素总累积量分别增加59.6%、111.6%和108.0%。施氮促进油菜生长发育,显著提高油菜对氮素的吸收、累积和籽粒需氮量,但氮肥农学利用率、偏生产力和表观利用率均随氮肥用量的增加显著下降。氮肥用量在150kg/hm2时,能较好地协调油菜高产与氮肥合理利用的统一。     

Changes in selected biochemical and sensory parameters as affected by the superficial inoculation of Penicillium camemberti on dry fermented sausages

An atoxigenic strain of Penicillium camemberti was superficially inoculated on fermented sausages in an attempt to improve their sensory properties. The growth of this mould on the surface of the sausages resulted in an intense proteolysis and lipolysis, which caused an increase in the concentration of free amino acids, free fatty acids (FFA) and volatile compounds. Many of these were derived from amino acid catabolism and were responsible for the "ripened flavour", i.e. branched aldehydes and the corresponding alcohols, acids and esters. The development of the fungal mycelia on the surface of the sausages also protected lipids from oxidation, resulting in both lower 2-thiobarbituric acid (TBARS) values and lipid oxidation-derived compounds, such as aliphatic aldehydes and alcohols. The sensory analysis of superficially inoculated sausages showed clear improvements in odour and flavour and, as a consequence, in the overall quality of the sausages. Therefore, this strain is proposed as a potential starter culture for dry fermented sausage production.     

Hydrolytic activity of Penicillium chrysogenum Pg222 on pork myofibrillar proteins

Moulds grow on many different dry-cured meat products and are able to hydrolyse muscle proteins. However, their contribution to proteolysis in these products is not well known. Only recently, the ability of just a few strains of Penicillium spp. to increase proteolysis in dry-cured meat products has been shown. For these strains to be used as starter cultures, their hydrolytic activity under standard conditions should be characterised. With this purpose, the effect of Penicillium chrysogenum Pg222 on pork myofibrillar proteins has been assayed in a culture medium containing 5% (w/v) NaCl. SDS-PAGE revealed that Pg222 was responsible for extensive hydrolysis of the main myofibrillar proteins except alpha-actinin. The proteolysis led to increases in free amino acids, reaching peak values at 84 h. Ala, Tyr and Lys were present in the greatest amount. These results suggest that P. chrysogenum Pg222 would contribute to development of desired texture and flavours in dry-cured meat products.     

Three-component competitive adsorption model for flow-through PAC systems. 1. Model development and verification with a PAC/membrane system

Natural organic matter (NOM) interferes with the adsorption of trace organic compounds on porous adsorbents such as powdered activated carbon (PAC) by pore blockage and direct competition for adsorption sites. The competitive effect of NOM in flow-through systems in which the retention time of the PAC is greater than the hydraulic retention time of the system can be magnified because NOM from the influent water can continue to adsorb on the PAC retained in the system. As a result, the adsorption capacity and the diffusion coefficient of trace compounds can decrease as NOM from the influent water accumulates. In this study, a dynamic three-component adsorption model was developed to quantitatively describe the removal of a trace compound from water in flow-through PAC processes. The system was simplified by using p-dichlorobenzene (p-DCB) to represent the NOM fraction that competes directly with the target trace organic atrazine for adsorption sites and by using poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS-1.8k) to represent large, pore-blocking NOM. The model was based on the homogeneous surface diffusion assumption with the adsorption capacity of atrazine being gradually adjusted using a simplified version of the ideal adsorbed solution theory model developed in this study. The surface diffusion coefficients of atrazine and p-DCB were modeled as a function of the surface concentration of the pore-blocking compound, PSS-1.8k. The model was verified experimentally with a PAC/microfiltration (MF) system. The use of single-solute adsorption parameters obtained from batch isotherm and kinetic tests resulted in good model predictions for the adsorption of atrazine and the two model compounds under operating conditions typical of PAC/MF systems. The model will be applied to study various operating conditions and other system parameters of PAC/membrane systems in part 2 of this study.     

石墨炉原子吸收法用于测定啤酒中的铅

研究了采用石墨炉原子吸收法测定啤酒中的重金属铅的含量,研究结果表明:该方法的检出限为0.22μg/L,相对标准偏差为0.56%～3.73%,样品加标回收率为96.45%～103.14%,测定结果的精密度和准确度令人满意。通过对市场上的9种啤酒进行抽样检测,检测结果表明啤酒中的铅含量为0.0343～0.0762mg/L满足国家相关标准的要求。     

氮-磷-氯型皮革阻燃复鞣剂的合成及应用

选取亚磷酸二甲酯与丙烯酰胺在甲醇钠的催化作用下反应,制得中间体3-二甲氧磷酰基丙酰胺,后再利用中间体与环氧氯丙烷反应,合成出具有复鞣性能的氮-磷-氯皮革阻燃复鞣剂。讨论了反应物配比、反应温度、反应时间等条件对聚合反应的影响,确定了最佳反应条件:中间体与环氧氯丙烷的摩尔比为1.0:1.5,反应温度为100℃,反应时间为6h。将该合成的阻燃复鞣剂施加于皮革复鞣工段,利用阻燃检测法测试皮革的阻燃性能,试验发现,所得皮革制品的氧指数、有焰燃烧时间、无焰燃烧时间、烟密度、燃烧速率,均比未施加阻燃复鞣剂有显著提高,且所得制品在感官指标和力学方面,均比未施加阻燃复鞣剂的皮革有显著提高。