Gender, nonverbal behavior, and perceived dominance: A test of the theory.

We evaluated Henley's (1973, 1977) and Goffman's (1976, 1979) theories about the relation between gender, nonverbal behavior, and perceived dominance in three studies. Our ratings of 1,106 media portrayals (Study 1) and observations of 1,257 people in public settings (Study 2) revealed few gender differences in frequency of head canting or body canting but some gender differences in frequency of smiling. In Study 3, we rated 96 advertisements that included all levels of gender, head cant, body cant, and smiling on five personality dimensions; we obtained only one predicted relation with dominance. It may be that the head canting, body canting, and smiling behaviors of females and males are actually more similar than was previously recognized and, contrary to hypotheses, dominance may not be strongly associated with these behaviors. We used previously suggested notions of gender as a categorizing strategy and as a diffuse status characteristic to explain why hypotheses that associate nonverbal behaviors with dominance and gender have had an acceptance unwarranted by the data. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Brookite Formation in TiO2?Ag Nanocomposites and Visible‐Light‐Induced Templated Growth of Ag Nanostructures in TiO2

TiO₂? Ag‐nanocomposites exhibit various desirable properties that make them suitable for a variety of applications, for example in photocatalysis and as bactericidal coatings. In this work, a new method for processing TiO₂? Ag nanocomposites is presented. The nanocomposite films are fabricated from one precursor solution with high silver loading of up to 50%. The resulting films exhibit a microstructure consisting of TiO₂? Ag_xO nanocomposites with a largely XRD‐amorphous TiO₂ matrix containing brookite nanocrystals. This specific microstructure absorbs in the visible range so that photoreduction of Ag ions can be accomplished by using visible light. The thin films can be patterned using simple shadow masks. The illuminated areas show a high density of self‐organized nanoparticles (SNPs) and nanorods (SNRs), which are templated by the TiO₂ porous network. The particle size can be tuned by varying the irradiation time. Most of the SNPs and SNRs form faceted crystals, which are mostly a combination of {111} and {110}. The application of these films as substrates for surface‐enhanced Raman scattering is shown. Enhancement factors as high as 4.6 × 10⁶ could be obtained using rhodamine 6G dye molecules. More applications should involve photocatalytic water purification using visible light.     

Modeling the evolution and rupture of stretching pendular liquid bridges

A simplified mathematical model and numerical simulations of the governing Navier–Stokes equations are used to predict the shape evolution, rupture distance, and liquid distribution of stretching pendular liquid bridges between two equal-sized spherical solid particles. In the simplified model, the bridge shape is approximated with a parabola, and it is assumed that the surface tension effects dominate the viscous, inertial, and gravitational effects. For the numerical simulations, a commercial Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software package – FLUENT – is used. The rupture distance predictions obtained with both models are compared with experimental data and a reasonable agreement is found. The results of the numerical investigations show that for simulations with negligible viscous, inertial, and gravitational effects, the rupture distance approaches an asymptotic value, which is close to the value predicted by the simplified model. The bridge profiles predicted using the simplified model and the numerical simulation are compared. It is found that a second-order polynomial appropriately represents the stable bridge shape for particles with identical contact angles; however, for liquid bridges between particles with different contact angles, the numerical simulations of the governing Navier–Stokes equations should be used.     

Antigenotoxic Effect of Chamomilla recutita (L.) Rauschert Essential Oil in Mouse Spermatogonial Cells, and Determination of Its Antioxidant Capacity in Vitro

Chamomilla recutita (L.) Rauschert (Asteraceae), popularly known as chamomile, is a plant used in traditional medicine for various therapeutic purposes. Chamomile essential oil (CEO) is particularly known to inhibit the genotoxic damage produced by mutagens in mice somatic cells. The aim of this research was to determine the inhibitory potential of CEO on the genotoxic damage produced by daunorubicin (DAU) in mice germ cells. We evaluated the effect of 5, 50, and 500 mg/kg of essential oil on the rate of sister chromatid exchange (SCE) induced in spermatogonia by 10 mg/kg of the mutagen. We found no genotoxicity of CEO, but detected an inhibition of SCE after the damage induced by DAU; from the lowest to the highest dose of CEO we found an inhibition of 47.5%, 61.9%, and 93.5%, respectively. As a possible mechanism of action, the antioxidant capacity of CEO was determined using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging method and ferric thiocyanate assays. In the first test we observed a moderate scavenging potential of the oil; nevertheless, the second assay showed an antioxidant capacity similar to that observed with vitamin E. In conclusion, we found that CEO is an efficient chemoprotective agent against the damage induced by DAU in the precursor cells of the germinal line of mice, and that its antioxidant capacity may induce this effect.     

Normative data for the F(p) Scale of the MMPI–2: Implications for clinical and forensic assessment of malingering.

Data from several clinical samples and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory–2 standardization group are presented to familiarize the reader with response patterns of different groups on a new validity scale designed to assist in the identification of exaggeration or fabrication of psychological disturbance. Sensitivity-specificity analyses are included along with suggestions for use of the F(p) Scale with other validity scales. Cautions about setting single cutoff scores are also discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Discussing smart pills versus endorsing smart pills: Reply to Swanson, Wigal, and Volkow (2011) and Elliott and Elliott (2011).

We find much of interest, and little to disagree with, in the commentaries on our article. We take issue only with the suggestion that our article was provocative and submit that the attempt to understand the use of stimulants as smart pills does not imply an endorsement of the practice. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

评《生存的艺术》

《生存的艺术》一书收集了景观设计领域重要的学术观点,涵盖了过去十年间影响中国景观设计领域理论和实践的重要思想和案例.     

Gender differences in first-grade mathematics strategy use: Social and metacognitive influences.

Social and metacognitive contributors to gender differences in 1st grader's mathematics strategy use were explored. Fifty-eight children solved addition and subtraction problems individually and in groups of 3 in October, January, and May. The children's strategy use was assessed individually, as well as their metacognitive knowledge for mathematics strategies and their rationales for the use of different mathematics strategies. The children also solved addition and subtraction problems in groups. Gender differences were found: Girls were more likely to count on fingers or use counters (overt strategies); boys were more likely to use retrieval (from memory) to solve addition and subtraction problems. All children were less likely to use overt strategies and more likely to use covert strategies and retrieval in the group session. Metacognition was a significant predictor of strategy use. Social rationales for strategy use emerged at the end of the year. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Longitudinal prediction of child outcomes from differing measures of parenting in a low-income sample.

This study examined predictions from preschool parenting measures to middle childhood cognitive and socioemotional child outcomes to explore whether parenting assessment methodologies that require more time, training, and expense yield better predictions of child outcomes than less intensive methodologies. Mother-child dyads (N=278) in low-income African American families were assessed when the child was in preschool, using maternal report, the Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment-Short Form (P. Baker & F. Mott, 1989; R. Bradley & B. Caldwell, 1984), and structured observational measures of parenting. Child outcomes reported by children, mothers, teachers, and direct assessment were collected 4 years later. All parenting methodologies showed some predictive value; however, observational parenting measures showed the strongest and most consistent predictions of child outcomes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Work-parenting linkages among dual-earner couples at the transition to parenthood.

This study evaluates the impact of work experiences on parenting quality during the transition to parenthood. Dual-earner parents (n = 83) completed measures of work experiences (autonomy and interpersonal atmosphere). Parenting was observed twice, 3 months apart. Hierarchical regression analyses showed that mothers who reported a more negative interpersonal atmosphere at work showed decreases in positive parenting and increases in negative personal parenting over time, after controlling for their occupational status and general well-being. Mothers' work experiences also predicted changes in fathers' observed parenting. In contrast, fathers' work experiences were largely unrelated to fathers' or mothers' parenting. With one exception, parents' occupational status did not moderate work-parenting relationships, and feelings of role overload did not mediate these relationships. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)