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81.
Masayuki Nagai Tatsuya Saeki Tadashi Nishino 《Journal of the American Ceramic Society》1990,73(5):1456-1460
Hydroxyapatite and Cl− -containing hydroxyapatite powders are prepared and characterized. Reversible substitution of CO2- 3 for OH− at the surface is presumed to be responsible for the sensor function. The role of Cl− , which is necessary to realize the sensor function and is incorporated during soaking treatment, is considered as follows. It may reduce the strain caused by the incorporation of CO2- 3 (which is larger than OH− ), and, hence, promote the reversible substitution reaction. This behavior is presumed because Cl− -containing hydroxyapatite samples exhibit sensor characteristics typical of CO2 without any treatment. 相似文献
82.
Hideo Yamauchi Junichi Ikejiri Fumio Sato Hiroyuki Oshita Tsuyoshi Honma Takayuki Komatsu 《Journal of the American Ceramic Society》2019,102(11):6658-6667
In recent years, the expansion of demand for lithium ion batteries has resulted in soaring prices of the constituent resources. From the viewpoint of safety, studies on all-solid-state batteries are actively being carried out. In this study, we succeeded in driving all-solid-state batteries derived from nontoxic oxide glasses at room temperature without requiring scarce resources such as lithium and cobalt. The main structure of the ceramic batteries with a simple structure in which Na2FeP2O7 crystallized glass and β″-alumina solid solution are joined by pressureless cofiring at 550°C. During the crystallization of Na2O-Fe2O3-P2O5 glass, fusion with the β″-alumina solid solution is achieved. Reversible charge and discharge of 80 mAh/g were achieved at room temperature. It is not necessary to apply pressure during cell preparation or the use of the batteries. Furthermore, the strong junction at the cathode and electrolyte interface does not peel off during charge and discharge over a long period of 623 cycles. Ex situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed partial Fe4+ induction and a reversible charge and discharge reaction even after overcharging to 9 V. It was demonstrated that Na2FeP2O7 is very stable against overcharging to 9 V. 相似文献
83.
Compound classes in coal liquids were investigated by thin-layer chromatography coupled with a flame ionization detector (t.l.c.-f.i.d.). Individual t.l.c. peaks for coal liquids were identified as paraffins, aromatics, polar compounds and more strongly polar compounds or asphaltenes in order of increasing Rf values by comparison with specific compounds separated previously by conventional liquid chromatography. Concentrations of compound classes for a series of samples obtained by varying the hydrogenation time were estimated and good agreement was found with the results obtained by the USBM-API 60 liquid chromatography procedure. By using the t.l.c.-f.i.d. method, the relation of distribution of compound classes to the reaction conditions of coal hydrogenation could be derived quantitatively with relative ease. 相似文献
84.
A composite chemical heat storage material (EMC) comprising a mixture of expanded graphite (EG), magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2), and calcium chloride (CaCl2) was developed as a magnesium oxide/water chemical heat pump reactant. The optimization of a mixing weight ratio between the Mg(OH)2 content of EMC and EMC itself was discussed from the viewpoints of both heat storage capacity and reactivity by considering the reaction rate constants from a kinetic analysis. It was confirmed that the dehydration reactivity of EMC increased as the mixing weight ratio decreased; however, the heat capacity of the EMC unit mass decreased. A multiplied factor consisting of the multiplied value dehydration rate constant and mixing weight ratio was introduced. It was suggested that a weight ratio of approximately 0.80 was the optimized value when the mixing molar ratio between CaCl2 and Mg(OH)2 was 0.10. Dehydration of EMC with an optimized mixing weight ratio and dehydration of pure Mg(OH)2 were conducted under various temperatures to compare the reaction rate constants of each material. From this study, it was demonstrated that EMC performed better on dehydration than pure Mg(OH)2. 相似文献
85.
A mathematical model which describes the influence of various parameters on formaldehyde concentration in the atmosphere of a room containing wood-based boards was developed. The physical meanings and measuring methods of the parameters of the model are also discussed. Based on this model, two indices for commenting the formaldehyde emission process of wood-based boards are proposed, and inequality estimation for the formaldehyde content of wood-based boards at any moment and a time estimation which shows when the room satisfies the environment quality standard are also given. 相似文献
86.
Koji Matsui Kenji Tanaka Takanori Yamakawa Masato Uehara Naoya Enomoto Junichi Hojo 《Journal of the American Ceramic Society》2007,90(2):443-447
The shrinkage behavior of fine zirconia powders containing 2.9 and 7.8 mol% Y2 O3 was investigated to clarify the effect of Y2 O3 concentration on the initial sintering stage. The shrinkage of powder compact was measured under both conditions of constant rates of heating (CRH) and constant temperatures. CRH measurements revealed that when the Y2 O3 concentration of fine zirconia powder increased, the starting temperature of shrinkage shifted to a high temperature. Isothermal shrinkage measurements revealed that the increase in Y2 O3 concentration causes the shrinkage rate to decrease. The values of activation energy ( Q ) and frequency-factor term (β0 ) of diffusion at initial sintering were estimated by applying the sintering-rate equation to the isothermal shrinkage data. When the Y2 O3 concentration increases, both Q and β0 of diffusion increase. It is, therefore, concluded that the increase in Y2 O3 concentration of fine zirconia powder decreases the shrinkage rate because of increasing Q of diffusion at the initial stage of sintering. 相似文献
87.
K Umemura Y Ikeda K Kondo M Nakashima H Naganuma M Hisaoka H Nishino M Tajima 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1997,41(12):2664-2669
CS-834, (+)-[pivaloyloxymethyl (4R,5S,6S)-6-[(R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-4-methyl-7-oxo-3-[[(R)-5-oxopyrroli din-3-yl]thio]-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-ene-2-carboxylate], is an ester-type oral carbapenem prodrug, and an active metabolite is R-95867, which has antibacterial activity. CS-834 was administered orally to healthy male volunteers at single doses of 50, 100, 200, and 400 mg and at a multiple dose of 150 mg three times a day for 7 days to investigate its safety and pharmacokinetic profiles. Other studies were conducted to examine the effect of food intake on the bioavailability of CS-834 and also the effect of the coadministration of probenecid on the pharmacokinetics of CS-834. In the fasting state, the concentration of R-95867 in plasma reached maximum levels from 1.1 to 1.7 h after the oral administration of CS-834, followed by a monoexponential decrease. The maximum concentrations of R-95867 in serum (C[max]s) after the administration of CS-834 at doses of 50, 100, 200, and 400 mg were 0.51, 0.97, 1.59, and 2.51 microg/ml, respectively. The half-lives (t1/2s) were almost constant, approximately 0.7 h. The areas under the concentration-time curves (AUCs) were proportional to the doses, ranging from 50 to 400 mg x h/ml. The cumulative recoveries in urine were approximately 30 to 35% until 24 h after drug administration. The C(max), AUC, t1/2, and recovery in urine were not affected by food intake. Probenecid coadministration prolonged the t1/2, and it increased the C(max) and AUC for R-95867 by approximately 1.5- and 2.1-fold, respectively. The multiple-dose study showed no change in the pharmacokinetics from those for the single doses and no drug accumulation in the body. A mild transient soft stool was observed in one volunteer in the study with a single dose of 400 mg. In the multiple-dose study, mild transient soft stools were observed in six volunteers, one volunteer had mild transient diarrhea, and one volunteer had elevated serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase levels (1.4- and 2.8-fold compared with the upper limits of normal, respectively). There were no other abnormal findings for objective symptoms or laboratory findings, including blood pressure, heart rate, electrocardiogram, body temperature, hematology, blood chemistry, and urinalysis. 相似文献
88.
Yamanaka K. Nagata Y. Nakano S. Koda T. Nishino H. Tsukahara Y. Cho H. Inaba M. Satoh A. 《IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control》1995,42(3):381-386
We present principle and application of a novel noncontact velocity measurement of surface acoustic waves (SAW) on crystals and thin films using laser interference fringes scanned at the phase velocity of SAW. The scanning interference fringes (SIF) are produced by intersecting two laser beams with a frequency difference. The SAW velocity within the laser beam spot is measured as the ratio of observed SAW frequency and predetermined wave number of the SIF. The frequency measurement can be quite precise because of a large number of generated SAW carriers and amplitude enhancement effect. The SAW velocity measurement is free from the water loading effect accompanying the leaky SAW measurements. This principle was successfully applied to evaluate Si 3N4 and SiO2 films deposited on Si (001) surface 相似文献
89.
Unique Features of Mobile Commerce 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
While the market potentials and impacts of web-based e-commerce are still in the ascendant, the advances in wireless technologies and mobile networks have brought about a new business opportunity and research attention, what is termed mobile commerce. Commonly, mobile commerce is considered to be another new application of existing web-based e-commerce onto wireless networks, but as an independent business area, mobile commerce has its own advantages and challenges as opposed to traditional e-commerce applications. This paper focuses on exploring the unique features of mobile commerce as compared with traditional e-commerce. Also, there are still some limitations arisen in m-commerce in contrast to web-based e-commerce. Finally, current state of mobile commerce in Japan is presented in brief, with an introduction of several cases involving mobile commerce applications in today's marketplace. 相似文献
90.
The characteristics of control system design using a universal learning network (ULN) are such that both the controlled systems
and their controller are represented in a unified framework, and that the learning stage of the ULN can be executed by using
not only first-order derivatives (gradient) but also the higher order derivatives of the criterion function with respect to
parameters. ULNs have the same generalization ability as neural networks. So the ULN controller is able to control the system
in a favorable way under an environment which is little different from the environment of the control system at the learning
stage. However, stability cannot be sufficiently realized. In this paper, we propose a robust control method using a ULN and
second-order derivatives of that ULN. Robust control, as considered here, is defined as follows. Even though the initial values
of the node outputs are very different from those at the learning stage, the control system is able to reduce its influence
to other node outputs and can control the system as in the case of no variation. In order to realize such robust control,
a new term concerning the variation is added to the usual criterion function, and the parameters are adjusted so as to minimize
the above-mentioned criterion function using second-order derivatives of the criterion function with respect to the parameters.
Finally, it is shown that the ULN controller constructed by the proposed method works effectively in a simulation study of
a non-linear crane system.
This work was presented, in part, at the International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, February 18–20,
1996 相似文献