基于内点法参数辨识的架空导线径向热路模型

为克服架空导线径向热参数难以理论计算的问题,基于径向导热时间常数及导线载流温升变化率两类热路参数,建立了状态方程形式的导线径向热路模型.利用模型响应构造了热路参数辨识的非线性目标函数,通过内点法求得参数辨识最优解.根据辨识结果建立了模型参数与载流量函数关系的拟合多项式.设计了架空导线径向温升实验平台,在自然对流条件下对LGJ-400导线温升过程进行了实测.研究结果表明:架空导线径向温差及各层导线载流温升变化率均随载流量的提高呈增大趋势,径向导热时间常数变化不呈明显单调性规律;所提模型的最大平均相对误差为2.12％,IEEE标准计算模型最大平均相对误差高达9.19％.故径向热路模型具有更高计算精度,可用于估计自然对流条件下的导线径向温度分布.     

干密度和粒径对非饱和尾矿砂土水特征曲线的影响

为了得到干密度与粒径对非饱和尾矿砂土水特征曲线的影响规律,利用GEO-Experts压力板仪,开展了不同干密度、粒径的尾矿砂土-水特征曲线试验,探讨了干密度与粒径对尾矿砂土水特征曲线的影响,并采用F-X模型对试验数据进行拟合。结果表明:尾矿砂粒径越小,进气值越高,残余含水率越大,且小于0.25 mm粒径的含量增加能有效提高尾矿砂的持水能力;干密度对尾矿砂土水特征曲线的影响集中表现在过渡阶段,粒径相同时随着干密度的增大,脱水速率减小,残余含水率增大,但残余基质吸力基本不变;F-X模型对于尾矿砂土水特征曲线具有较高的拟合精度,能较好地反映尾矿砂的持水性能。     

绍兴市地下管线普查管理特色与经验

许多城市开展了地下管线普查,但普查管理方法却不尽相同。本文基于笔者从项目调研到项目竣工验收全过程参与绍兴市地下管线普查建设与管理的经验,从不同的角度介绍了绍兴市管线普查管理与项目运作过程,重点阐述了管线普查的质量管理及项目管理的特色,希望对其他城市地下管线普查有所借鉴。     

Disconnection detection using earth capacitance measurement in photovoltaic module string

A disconnection detection method using an earth capacitance measurement in photovoltaic (PV) module string was experimentally studied. In the experiments with disconnections between PV modules in the string, the earth capacitance of the string was increased in proportion to the module number, and this feature resulted in that the disconnection position between the modules could be estimated by comparing the earth capacitance value of the failed string with that of the good string. Since the earth capacitance was not affected by the irradiance change, the detection method could be applied anytime to locate the disconnection position in the string without the effect of the irradiance change. Moreover, this method could be applied not only to the string consisting of the crystalline Si modules but also to the string consisting of the amorphous Si modules. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Evaluating uncertainty in accident rate estimation at hydrogen refueling station using time correlation model

Hydrogen, as a future energy carrier, is receiving a significant amount of attention in Japan. From the viewpoint of safety, risk evaluation is required in order to increase the number of hydrogen refueling stations (HRSs) implemented in Japan. Collecting data about accidents in the past will provide a hint to understand the trend in the possibility of accidents occurrence by identifying its operation time However, in new technology; accident rate estimation can have a high degree of uncertainty due to absence of major accident direct data in the late operational period. The uncertainty in the estimation is proportional to the data unavailability, which increases over long operation period due to decrease in number of stations. In this paper, a suitable time correlation model is adopted in the estimation to reflect lack (due to the limited operation period of HRS) or abundance of accident data, which is not well supported by conventional approaches. The model adopted in this paper shows that the uncertainty in the estimation increases when the operation time is long owing to the decreasing data.     

Agent技术在中国智能电网建设中的应用

在分析智能电网与Agent技术特点的基础上,针对两者之间的共性,综述了Agent技术在中国智能电网建设中的应用。详细分析了Agent技术在电力市场、继电保护、电力系统无功优化及电网故障诊断中的应用。针对微电网技术的缺陷,提出Agent技术在微电网发展中的应用前景。     

ZVS PWM全桥变换器中钳位二极管电流复位方法研究

在全桥变换器中引入谐振电感和钳位二极管,可以使开关管在较宽的负载范围内实现零电压开关,并且消除输出整流二极管上的电压尖峰。在重载情况下,当钳位二极管导通时,谐振电感被短路,其电流保持不变,在开关管和钳位二极管中产生较大的导通损耗;而当负载减轻至一定程度时,钳位二极管工作在硬关断状态,不但产生较大的反向恢复损耗,甚至会损坏钳位二极管。本文首先详细分析该变换器在轻载情况下的工作原理,提出三种钳位二极管电流的复位方式,相应分析现有的几种钳位二极管电流复位方法的优缺点,并提出加辅助变压器的ZVS PWM全桥变换器。利用引入的辅助变压器,在任意负载下均可以使钳位二极管电流快速复位到零,不但可以减小变换器原边的导通损耗,提高变换效率,同时还可避免钳位二极管的硬关断,提高变换器的可靠性。本文详细分析了加辅助变压器的ZVS PWM全桥变换器的工作原理,并讨论辅助变压器的设计,最后进行实验验证,并给出实验结果。     

内置CFRP圆管的方钢管高强混凝土中长柱轴压性能试验

目的 研究内置CFRP圆管的方钢管高强混凝土的可行性和必要性,并指出内置CFRP圆管的方钢管高强混凝土应用于建筑物的竖向承重构件中所具有的优越性.方法 通过对7根内置CFRP圆管的方钢管高强混凝土柱和5根方钢管高强混凝土柱承载力的对比试验,探讨了在相同宽度厚度比的情况下,3种CFRP层数和5种长细比对内置CFRP圆管的方钢管高强混凝土柱承载力的影响.结果 CFRP圆管对构件的承栽力的有显著提高,内置一层CFRP管承载力增长5%左右,二层增加12%左右;随着长细比的增加,内置CFRP圆管的方钢管高强混凝土构件承载力有减小的趋势.结论 通过对应变曲线的分析得出宽厚比和CFRP参数的最优组合为2层.     

秦兵马俑博物馆陶器库房冬季室内空气质量初步研究

于2008年1月30日～3月3日,在秦始皇兵马俑博物馆陶器库开展了室内大气环境调查,同步采集了大气悬浮颗粒PM2.5和NH3样品,获得了PM2.5颗粒中的离子组成,并实时监测了SO2、NOx的浓度变化。结果表明,陶器库中PM2.5平均质量浓度为76.1μg/m3,室外PM2.5平均质量浓度为153.9μg/m3,约为室内浓度的2倍。室内PM2.5中水溶性离子主要由SO42-、NO3-和NH4+组成,平均质量浓度分别为17.5、5.2、5.5μg/m3,它们分别占PM2.5质量浓度的19.7%、5.2%、5.8%。库内NH3平均浓度为4.8μg/m3,室外NH3平均浓度6.6μg/m3,约为室内的1.4倍。室内NO、NO2、NOx浓度日平均分别为4.8×10-9、3.2×10-9、8.0×10-9,SO2浓度日平均为0.9×10-9。研究表明,库内人为活动量对质量浓度、离子浓度和污染气体均有一定影响,库房相对于室外对阻挡颗粒物减少外界影响方面对文物有一定的保护作用,但在阻隔空气污染物和恒温恒湿方面的作用还有待加强。     

Low-Temperature Fabrication of Bulk-Type All-Solid-State Lithium-Ion Battery Utilizing Nanosized Garnet Solid Electrolytes

Garnet-type Li₇La₃Zr₂O₁₂ (LLZ) materials are attracting attention as solid electrolytes (SEs) in oxide-based all-solid-state batteries (ASSBs) owing to their high ionic conductivity. Although the electrochemical stability of LLZ against Li metal is demonstrated with possible high energy density, high-temperature sintering above 1000 °C, which is required to achieve high Li-ion conductivity, results in the formation of insulating impurities at the electrode–electrolyte interfaces. Here, nanosized fine-particle samples of Ta-substituted Li_6.5La₃Zr_1.5Ta_0.5O₁₂ (LLZT) are successfully prepared at a remarkably low temperature of 400 °C utilizing an amorphous precursor oxide. The dense LLZT SE sintered by hot pressing at 500 °C shows room-temperature Li-ion conductivity of 1.03 × 10⁻⁴ S cm⁻¹ without any additives. In addition, the bulk-type NCM–graphite full battery cell fabricated with the LLZT fine particles through a hot-pressing sintering method at 550 °C exhibits a good charge–discharge performance at room temperature with the bulk-type areal discharge capacity of 0.831 mAh cm⁻². The nanosized garnet SE strategy demonstrated in this study paves the way for the formation of oxide-based ASSBs by low-temperature sintering.