Integrated capillary electrophoresis devices with an efficient postcolumn reactor in planar quartz and glass chips

Methods to fabricate planar capillary electrophoresis devices integrated with a postcolumn reactor in fused silica (quartz) and Pyrex glass are presented. Quartz is etched at ～1 μm/min with a 2.1:1 width-to-depth ratio using a Cr/Au/Cr metal mask and concentrated HF/HNO(3). On-chip postcolumn reaction of o-phthaldialdehyde (OPA) and amino acids gave theoretical plate numbers up to 83?000 and ～90 ms peak widths, corresponding to 14 plates/V and a 0.5 μm theoretical plate height. The reactor geometry caused only a 10% degradation in efficiency.     

Stability under vacuum of silicon trap detectors and their use as transfer instruments in cryogenic radiometry

The stability of the responsivity of trap detectors under vacuum has been studied by means of a special chamber designed for the test of photodetectors at low pressure. The first experiments at a wavelength of 647 nm show that the responsivity variations are smaller than the uncertainties of the measurements, approximately 3 parts in 10(5), when the detector operates successively in air, under vacuum, and then again in air. Calculations based on experiments with single windowless photodiodes indicate that the change in trap responsivity that is due to vacuum effects should be smaller than 1 part in 10(5), at least in the visible part of the wavelength range. This stability makes trap detectors suitable for cryogenic radiometry when one uses transfer detectors under vacuum.     

Optical and mechanical characterization of evaporated SiO(2) layers. Long-term evolution

Numerous characterizations were performed on 120-nm thick evaporated SiO(2) layers in order to understand how their features change as a function of deposition conditions and time. Density decreases with increasing deposition pressure. It governs all the layer properties (refractive index, hardness, and stress). In situ stress measurements show that stress can be divided into intrinsic and water-induced components, respectively linked to local density (outside the pores) and porosity. Intrinsic stress increase with decreasing pressure is explained by a diminution of the Si-O-Si bond angle (IR measurements). Long-term evolution is characterized by stress relaxation related to Si-O-Si strained bond hydrolysis.     

Accurate expressions for the LP modes in a uniform circular-core curved fiber

Accurate forms for the LP(nm) modes (n = 0 and n ≧ 2) in a uniform circular-core curved fiber are given. We show that the LP(nm) modes (n ≧ 2) are composed of two spatially orthogonal components and that, to the zeroth order, there is no special polarization axis for the LP modes in a uniform circular-core curved fiber.     

Highly efficient wideband continuum generation in a single-mode optical fiber by powerful broadband laser pumping

By pumping a single-mode optical fiber with a powerful broadband nonselective dye laser, we obtain a high-efficiency wideband continuum (530-930 nm) with nonlinear conversion efficiency exceeding 90%. Experimental conditions for a coherent regime of broadband stimulated Raman scattering are created, which in combination with the broadband self-phase modulation and the four-photon parametric processes leads to a spectral broadening and to the continuum formation. The influence of the pump laser spectral linewidth on the nonlinear conversion efficiency is analyzed and investigated by comparative experiments at narrow-band and broadband laser excitations.     

Range of validity of the Rayleigh-Debye-Gans theory for optics of fractal aggregates

The range of validity of the Rayleigh-Debye-Gans approximation for the optical cross sections of fractal aggregates (RDG-FA) that are formed by uniform small particles was evaluated in comparison with the integral equation formulation for scattering (IEFS), which accounts for the effects of multiple scattering and self-interaction. Numerical simulations were performed to create aggregates that exhibit mass fractallike characteristics with a wide range of particle and aggregate sizes and morphologies, including x(p) = 0.01-1.0, ‖m - 1‖ = 0.1-2.0, N = 16-256, and D(f) = 1.0-3.0. The percent differences between both scattering theories were presented as error contour charts in the ‖m - 1‖x(p) domains for various size aggregates, emphasizing fractal properties representative of diffusion-limited cluster-cluster aggregation. These charts conveniently identified the regions in which the differences were less than 10%, between 10% and 30%, and more than 30% for easy to use general guidelines for suitability of the RDG-FA theory in any scattering applications of interest, such as laser-based particulate diagnostics. Various types of aggregate geometry ranging from straight chains (D(f) ≈ 1.0) to compact clusters (D(f) ≈ 3.0) were also considered for generalization of the findings. For the present computational conditions, the RDG-FA theory yielded accurate predictions to within 10% for ‖m - 1‖ to approximately 1 or more as long as the primary particles in aggregates were within the Rayleigh scattering limit (x(p) ≤ 0.3). Additionally, the effect of fractal dimension on the performance of the RDG-FA was generally found to be insignificant. The results suggested that the RDG-FA theory is a reasonable approximation for optics of a wide range of fractal aggregates, considerably extending its domain of applicability.     

Antireflection coatings for UV radiation obtained by molecular-beam deposition

We have developed fluoride antireflection (AR) coatings on MgF(2) substrates for a wavelength of 248 nm by molecular-beam deposition. Transmission and laser-induced damage threshold of the samples were measured and atomic force microscope (AFM) investigations were carried out. We compare a 14-layer design for AR coatings with sublayer thicknesses of 12 nm with a conventional two-layer design with quarter-wavelength thicknesses. The laser-induced damage threshold of the 14-layer coating is slightly higher than that of the two-layer coating. The AFM surface images show that the 14-layer coating has a smoother surface than the two-layer coating.     

Tissue dynamics spectroscopy for three-dimensional tissue-based drug screening

Tissue dynamics spectroscopy combines dynamic light scattering with short-coherence digital holography to capture intracellular motion inside multicellular tumor spheroid tissue models. The cellular mechanical activity becomes an endogenous imaging contrast agent for motility contrast imaging. Fluctuation spectroscopy is performed on dynamic speckle from the proliferating shell and hypoxic core to generate drug-response spectrograms that are frequency versus time representations of the changes in spectral content induced by an applied compound or an environmental perturbation. A combination of 28 reference compounds and conditions applied to rat osteogenic UMR-106 spheroids generated spectrograms that were crosscorrelated in a similarity matrix used for unsupervised hierarchical clustering of similar compound responses. This work establishes the feasibility of tissue dynamics spectroscopy for three-dimensional tissue-based phenotypic profiling of drug response as a fully endogenous probe of the response of tissue to reference compounds.     

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