酱制时间对传统酱卤猪肉制品风味及质构变化规律的影响

以猪肉为原料,对传统酱制过程中样品的挥发性风味物质、游离氨基酸及质构的变化进行研究。电子鼻主成分分析(PCA)发现酱制过程中样品风味变化明显,利用气相色谱—质谱联用(GC-MS)进一步分析样品的挥发性成分发现,样品中与香辛料相关的风味物质(邻伞花烃、萜烯类等)多数在酱制后期(60～120min)检出并积累,与脂肪氧化、氨基酸降解及美拉德反应相关的风味物质(己醛等)多数在酱制前期(0～60min)检出,且在较短时间内迅速积累。样品中总游离氨基酸的含量变化明显,原料肉中总游离氨基酸含量为289.45mg/100g,酱制过程中总体呈增加趋势,酱制120 min后达到最大值为415.60mg/100g。酱制过程中样品硬度及咀嚼性呈先上升后下降的趋势,结合感官评定发现酱制40～60min时样品的质构(硬度3 000～3 500g,咀嚼性1 300～1 600g)较好。酱制时间越长,样品的风味越好,但不利于样品质构的形成。整体感官评定表明,该酱制条件下酱制100min时样品品质最好。     

Fatty acids of the seeds of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Origanum onites</Emphasis> L. and <Emphasis Type="Italic">O. vulgare</Emphasis> L.

Seed oils of Origanum onites L. from the Antalya and Mugla regions and O. vulgare L. from the Kirklareli region of Turkey were extracted with hexane in a Soxhlet apparatus. The oil yields were 14.1–20.0 and 18.5%, respectively. FA compositions of the seed oils were determined by GC and GC/MS. Twenty FA were identified in both O. onites and O. vulgare seeds. The major FA of both species were linolenic (56.3–57.0%; 61.8%), linoleic (21.5–21.7%; 18.8%), oleic (8.7–8.9%; 5.9%), palmitic (5.9–6.5%; 5.5%), stearic (2.1–2.4%; 2.1%), and (Z)-11-octadecenoic (0.6–0.8%; 0.5%), respectively.     

冲击合成金刚石的纳米级多晶结构

冲击合成的金刚石微粉中存在一种晶粒沿一定方向排列的纳米级织构组织。织构晶粒的尺寸厚度为５～１０ｎｍ，长度２０～５０ｎｍ。这种织构通常是立方和六方金刚石的共生晶体。     

基于FAHP的绿色校园建设运营维护体系研究

采用FAHP等方法对绿色校园运营维护阶段进行研究,参考《绿色校园评价指标》,确定了绿色校园建设运营维护阶段评价指标,分为4个一级指标、15个二级指标,通过Delphi得到各评价指标的权重,检验成对比较矩阵一致性,建立运营维护阶段的评价因素集、评语集和模糊综合评价矩阵,选用5/5～9/1标度法进行模糊综合评价。根据评价的结果发现,技术、制度和管理因素指标评价较低,技术高效性、技术实时性、管理持续性、管理全面性和管理有效性等方面存在建设问题,提出了绿色校园运营维护建设具体解决措施,进一步完善了绿色校园建设运营维护体系,为提高我国绿色校园运营维护建设水平提供了有力支持。     

影响现场填土压实效果因素分析

现场填筑土料施工质量的好坏,直接涉及整个工程质量,乃至工程安全问题。但影响现场填筑效果因素非常之多,既有土本身复杂性,又有现场条件的变化。影响现场填土压实性的主要因素有：碾压或夯实的机具、土料的含水量、土的种类和级配、碾压的遍数、填筑的厚度等。为保证填筑的质量,这就需要分析影响填土压实效果的因素,研究土的压实性变化规律。     

水体下开采中防水墙的设计应用

通过计算矿井在水体下开采的上限标高,并采用防水墙措施消除原有巷道超出计算标高部分与地表水体之间存在的安全隐患,有效防治地表水体对井下开采的影响,为在水体下开采时防治水这一环节提供安全保障。     

从水权角度分析江阴市建立最严格水资源管理和保护制度对社会经济发展的影响

水是生命之源、生产之要、生态之基,是社会经济可持续发展的重要物质基础,水资源的可持续发展对社会经济可持续发展提供至关重要的保障。通过行政及经济手段建立良好的水权制度体系是维护和保障社会经济发展的重要途径,实行最严格的水资源管理和保护是非常有效的建立水权制度体系的行政手段。     

Predicting the frequency of water quality standard violations: a probabilistic approach for TMDL development

To address the impaired condition of the water bodies listed under Section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act, over 40 000 total maximum daily loads (TMDLs) for pollutants must be developed during the next 10-15 years. Most of these will be based on the results of water quality simulation models. However, the failure of most models to incorporate residual variability and parameter uncertainty in their predictions makes them unsuitable for TMDL development. The percentile-based standards increasingly used by the EPA and the requirement for a margin of safety in TMDLs necessitate that model predictions include quantitative information on uncertainty. We describe a probabilistic approach to model-based TMDL assessment that addresses this issue and is suitable for use with any type of mathematical model. To demonstrate our approach, we employ a eutrophication model for the Neuse River Estuary, North Carolina, and evaluate compliance with the state chlorophyll a standard. Any observed variability in chlorophyll athatis notexplained bythe model is explicitly incorporated via a residual error term. This probabilistic term captures the effects of any processes that are not considered in the model and allows for direct assessment of the frequency of standard violations. Additionally, by estimating and propagating the effects of parameter uncertainty on model predictions, we are able to provide an explicit basis for choosing a TMDL that includes a margin of safety. We conclude by discussing the potential for models currently supported by the EPA to be adapted to provide the type of probabilistic information that is necessary to support TMDL decisions.     

Physiological and production responses to feeding schedule in lactating dairy cows exposed to short-term,moderate heat stress

The objective of this research was to characterize the production responses of lactating dairy cows during and after short-term, moderate heat exposure, and to determine whether evening (p.m.) feeding would alleviate the associated production losses. In a two-period, cross-over design, eight mature lactating cows were fed a total mixed ration at either 0830 or 2030 h. Each 15-d period consisted of a 5-d thermoneutral phase, a 5-d heat stress phase and a 5-d thermoneutral recovery phase. Mean daily vaginal temperature and respiration rate increased by 0.6 +/- 0.04 degrees C and 27 +/- 1.3 breaths/min, respectively, during short-term heat exposure. Daily dry matter intake, milk yield and solids-not-fat were depressed by 1.4 +/- 0.13 kg, 1.7 +/- 0.32 kg and 0.07 +/- 0.023%, respectively, during heat exposure. During the recovery phase, dry matter intake remained depressed, milk protein declined by 0.05 +/- 0.020%, and daily milk yield exhibited a further decline of 1.2 +/- 0.32 kg. Time of feeding had no effect on vaginal temperature, respiration rate, dry matter intake, water intake, milk yield, fat-corrected milk, protein percent, solids-non-fat percent or somatic cell count during heat exposure or during the recovery period that followed. Fat percent was, however, significantly lower in p.m.-fed animals. These data indicate that short-term, moderate heat stress, which occurs during the spring and summer months in Canada and the Northern United States, will significantly decrease production in the lactating cow. Shifting from morning to evening feeding did not alleviate production losses associated with this type of heat stress.     

Medical image computing at the Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science in Medicine,University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf

The author reviews the history of medical image computing at his institute, summarizes the achievements, sketches some of the difficulties encountered, and draws conclusions that might be of interest especially to people new to the field. The origin and history section provides a chronology of this work, emphasizing the milestones reached during the past three decades. In accordance with the author's group's focus on imaging, the paper is accompanied by many pictures, some of which, he thinks, are of historical value.