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981.
With the aim to reduce disorder and improve efficiency, nodes in an ad hoc network run a self-organization scheme to cooperatively organize the network. Although metrics such as complexity or self-stability are commonly used for evaluation, to the best of our knowledge, none of them quantifies the efficiency to build and maintain an organization (order). We henceforth apply the notion of entropy to ad hoc type wireless networks facilitating a quantification of the internal organizational state generated by different self-organization schemes. Invoking node and link failure probabilities, we expose the dependency of the organizational state on the self-organization protocol of choice. 相似文献
982.
E.J. Widjaja G. Delporte F. Vandevelde B. Vanterwyngen 《Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells》2008,92(2):97-100
As electrochromic device (ECD) emerges into the market, the necessity of cost reduction via high-throughput manufacturing is unavoidable. Inorganic monolithic ECD has compatibility in its manufacturing steps, allows continuous processing and hence low-cost ECD. A roll-to-roll (R2R) production is the industrial standard for high-throughput processing and was chosen to synthesize ECD on polymeric substrates. Preliminary success by implementing methods compatible to the aforementioned R2R processing has been achieved; however, continuous test-runs on an R2R machine are still limited. 相似文献
983.
Observation of calcium aluminate inclusions at interfaces between Ca-treated,Al-killed steels and slags 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
B. Coletti B. Blanpain S. Vantilt S. Sridhar 《Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B》2003,34(5):533-538
The evolution of Al2O3-CaO inclusions on molten steel surfaces and at molten steel/slag interfaces was observed in-situ through a confocal scanning laser microscope (CSLM) equipped with a gold-image furnace. Depending on the slag chemistry,
some of the initially liquid inclusions evolved into irregular Al2O3 or SiO2-enriched inclusions during the separation across the interface. Inclusions were found to cluster at specific locations at
the steel/slag interface. Unlike capillary-depression-driven clustering, which is observed on molten steel surfaces, a weak
repulsive force opposes fluid-flow-driven clustering at the steel/slag interface. After clustering, the irregular solid inclusions
were observed to agglomerate to form large aggregates.
This article is based on a presentation given in the Mills Symposium entitled “Metals, Slags, Glasses: High Temperature Properties
& Phenomena,” which took place at The Institute of Materials in London, England, on August 22–23, 2002. 相似文献
984.
A method for the time suboptimal control of an industrial manipulator from an initial position and orientation to a final
position and orientation as it moves along a specified path is proposed. Nonlinear system equations that describe the manipulator
motion are linearized at each time step along the path. A method which gives the control inputs (joint angular velocities)
for time suboptimal control of the manipulator is developed. In the formulation, joint angular velocity and acceleration limitations
are also taken into consideration. A six degree of freedom elbow type manipulator is used in numerical examples to verify
the method developed. 相似文献
985.
An optimal control problem with nonsmooth performance criterion described by a system of ordinary differential equations is considered. Necessary first-order optimality conditions are obtained. 相似文献
986.
D. D. Avrov S. I. Dorozhkin Yu. M. Tairov A. Yu. Fadeev A. O. Lebedev 《Semiconductors》2008,42(13):1469-1474
The problem of the appearance of carbon inclusions in single-crystal silicon carbide ingots grown by the modified Lely method (the so-called graphitization of the ingot) is analyzed. It is shown that the process of graphitization of the ingot is not related to a deficit of silicon in the growth cell; in contrast, it is excess of silicon at the growth surface that inhibits the ingot growth rate and gives rise to intense corrosion of the graphite fittings. 相似文献
987.
I. N. Ishchuk 《Measurement Techniques》2007,50(10):1081-1086
A three-dimensional solution of the direct problem of heat conduction when a linear pulsed heat source acts in the plane of
contact of two semibounded bodies is presented. The solution is obtained by the method of finite differences. An example of
the modeling is considered.
__________
Translated from Izmeritel’naya Tekhnika, No. 10, pp. 42–45, October, 2007. 相似文献
988.
Bing Q. Han Farghalli A. Mohamed Enrique J. Lavernia 《Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A》2003,34(1):71-83
In the present study, the mechanical properties of Fe processed via severe plastic deformation (equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP)) at room temperature were investigated for the first time.
The grain size of annealed Fe, with an initial grain size of about 200 μm, was reduced drastically during ECAP. After eight passes, the grain size reaches 200 to 400 nm, as documented by means of
transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The value of microhardness during pressing increases 3 times over that of the starting
material after the first pass and increases slightly during subsequent pressing for higher-purity Fe. Examination of the value
of microhardness after eight passes as a function of post-ECAP annealing temperature shows a transition from recovery to recrystallization,
an observation that resembles the behavior reported for heavily deformed metals and alloys. The tensile and compression behaviors
were examined. In tension, a drop in the engineering stress-engineering strain curve beyond maximum load was observed both
in the annealed Fe and the ECAP Fe. This drop is related to the neck deformation. The fracture surface, examined by scanning
electron microscopy (SEM), shows vein patterns, which is different from the dimples found on the fracture surface of annealed
Fe. In compression, an initial strain-hardening region followed by a no-strain-hardening region was observed in the ECAP Fe.
The yield strength in tension of the ECAP Fe was observed to be higher than that in compression. The strengthening mechanisms
and softening behavior are discussed. 相似文献
989.
Er. V. Kal’yanov 《Technical Physics Letters》2007,33(12):1015-1017
A mathematical model of a new controllable autooscilatory chaotic system based on inductively coupled Chua’s oscillators is described. Numerical simulations show that, using a chaotizing feedback algorithm, chaotic oscillations in this system can be excited in regimes where only regular oscillations are generated otherwise. 相似文献
990.
In the late eighties and up to the beginning of nineties computation of turbulent flows is mostly dominated by RANS (Reynolds
Averaged Navier-Stokes Simulation) type modelling. During the last few years URANS (Unsteady RANS) and LES (Large Eddy Simulation)
type of approaches have been attempted with some success. Yet, there have been many difficulties when LES is applied to practical
engineering problems and to high Reynolds number flows as energy dissipating eddies become really small and mesh resolution
required for a reasonably resolved LES approaches that of DNS (Direct Numerical Simulation). An alternative solution suggested
was to combine RANS and LES, which in general referred to as Hybrid LES. There have been many proposals for combining RANS
and LES in different ways. In this article, some of the issues involved in performing hybrid LES reported in the recent literature
is briefly reviewed. 相似文献