A case of conflicts in conservation: Two trenches or a three-dimensional complexity?

Conflicts over conservation are often regarded as dichotomies of diametrical opposites. When national parks are established in Norway, two stereotypes can be sketched: (1) the ecocentric position valuing 'pure, authentic nature', relying on the national government as the only acceptable decision and management level; and (2) a more anthropocentric position valuing cultural landscape elements and certain traditional and future uses of the area, favouring local management. A conflict over restoring a firing range to a state of 'authentic nature' for future designation as a national park is examined. The case has raised comprehensive local debate. It is asked whether the relevant actors should be seen as situated in the stereotypes, or whether a more complex three-dimensional picture would provide a better interpretation.     

Hydroxylation of the Acetyltransferase NAA10 Trp38 Is Not an Enzyme-Switch in Human Cells

NAA10 is a major N-terminal acetyltransferase (NAT) that catalyzes the cotranslational N-terminal (Nt-) acetylation of 40% of the human proteome. Several reports of lysine acetyltransferase (KAT) activity by NAA10 exist, but others have not been able to find any NAA10-derived KAT activity, the latter of which is supported by structural studies. The KAT activity of NAA10 towards hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) was recently found to depend on the hydroxylation at Trp38 of NAA10 by factor inhibiting HIF-1α (FIH). In contrast, we could not detect hydroxylation of Trp38 of NAA10 in several human cell lines and found no evidence that NAA10 interacts with or is regulated by FIH. Our data suggest that NAA10 Trp38 hydroxylation is not a switch in human cells and that it alters its catalytic activity from a NAT to a KAT.     

Effect of Solvent Content on the Separation and the Energy Consumption of Extractive Distillation Columns

This article sets out to evaluate the effect of solvent content in the extractive section on the separation efficiency and energy consumption of extractive distillation columns. Contrary to the classical approach, the proposed approach enables a simultaneous evaluation of the effect of the major decision variables (reflux ratio, solvent flow rate, and the number of stages of the extractive section [NSE]). The procedure allows calculating the minimum solvent flow rate for the separation and the minimum specific energy consumption. The results show that the minimum specific energy consumption is obtained for the minimum reflux ratio and not for the minimum solvent flow rate. Moreover, the results show that it is not always the case that a larger NSE results in lower energy consumption. Due to its industrial importance, the dehydration of aqueous mixtures of ethanol using ethylene glycol as solvent has been chosen as a case study.     

Incentives for energy efficiency in the EU Emissions Trading Scheme

This paper explores the incentives for energy efficiency induced by the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) for installations in the energy and industry sectors. Our analysis of the National Allocation Plans for 27 EU Member States for phase 2 of the EU ETS (2008–2012) suggests that the price and cost effects for improvements in carbon and energy efficiency in the energy and industry sectors will be stronger than in phase 1 (2005–2007), but only because the European Commission has substantially reduced the number of allowances to be allocated by the Member States. To the extent that companies from these sectors (notably power producers) pass through the extra costs for carbon, higher prices for allowances translate into stronger incentives for the demand-side energy efficiency. With the cuts in allocation to energy and industry sectors, these will be forced to greater reductions; thus, the non-ET sectors like household, tertiary, and transport will have to reduce less, which is more in line with the cost-efficient share of emission reductions. The findings also imply that domestic efficiency improvements in the energy and industry sectors may remain limited since companies can make substantial use of credits from the Kyoto Mechanisms. The analysis of the rules for existing installations, new projects, and closures suggests that incentives for energy efficiency are higher in phase 2 than in phase 1 because of the increased application of benchmarking to new and existing installations and because a lower share of allowances will be allocated for free. Nevertheless, there is still ample scope to further improve the EU ETS so that the full potential for energy efficiency can be realized.

50 Jahre DGF - Erinnerungen an die Gründung und die Jahre des Aufbaus der Gesellschaft

Fifty Years DGF-Memories of the Foundation and the Years of the Set-Up of the Association In the period between 1932 and 1936 the author had been the assistant of H. P. Kaufmann and by that he seized the opportunity to observe the foundation and the set-up of the DGF from close up. After Hitler had seized the power in 1933 he thought it was his most important task to make Germany's food supply independent from abroad. This should be achieved among others by reducing the oil and fat import and increase of oil seed cultivation. To solve the occurring problems the German Society for Fat Research (DGF) was founded at the request of the government in December 1935. Its task was the coordination of the work of all persons and institutions, important for fat affairs. Kaufmann was made the chairman; he was already at that time internationally appreciated as pioneer in fat research. In 1938 he was elected as president of the International Society for the Study of Fats (IC). During the war the concentration of the DGF activity was on the field of fat supply. In 1944/45 the DGF had to finish its work, after its laboratories and business premises had been destroyed by bombs. 1948 the association was founded again. Kaufmann 's life doing culminated in the inauguration of both fat institutes in the year 1964 and 1968.     

Veränderungen der Fette unter Fritierbedingungen und deren analytische Erfassung Beurteilung des Gebrauchswertes und Analytik von Fritierfetten I

Alterations in Fats Under Frying Conditions and Their Analytical Detection: Evaluation of the Quality of Frying Fats and Their Analysis The quality of a frying fat at a certain stage of use depends on its composition, its freshness, and the frying conditions. The frying stability, i. e. the length of time a fat can be heated in the fryer till the content of petroleum ether insoluble oxidized fatty acids reaches a level of 1%, is proportional to the degree of saturation of the fat, and inversely proportional to its specific surface in the fryer and its reversion period. Frying stability can be increased considerably by excluding atmospheric oxygen. Thus, under suitable frying conditions even highly unsaturated fats, such as peanut oil, sunflower oil, and soybean oil, can be used without an increase in the content of oxidized fatty acids above a permitted level. In the choice of fats one should prefer those having lower UV-absorbance and higher SWIFT stability. In order to define the degree of oxidation of used frying fats, it is recommended to determine the content of oxidized fatty acids according to DGF-Standard Method C-III 3 (68). Moreover, acid value, smoke point and UV-absorbance provide valuable information regarding the degree of oxidative changes. A rather loose relationship exists between the saponification colour number and the content of oxidized fatty acids.     

VI3—a New Layered Ferromagnetic Semiconductor

2D materials are promising candidates for next‐generation electronic devices. In this regime, insulating 2D ferromagnets, which remain rare, are of special importance due to their potential for enabling new device architectures. Here the discovery of ferromagnetism is reported in a layered van der Waals semiconductor, VI₃, which is based on honeycomb vanadium layers separated by an iodine–iodine van der Waals gap. It has a BiI₃‐type structure ( $R\overline{3}$, No.148) at room temperature, and the experimental evidence suggests that it may undergo a subtle structural phase transition at 78 K. VI₃ becomes ferromagnetic at 49 K, below which magneto‐optical Kerr effect imaging clearly shows ferromagnetic domains, which can be manipulated by the applied external magnetic field. The optical bandgap determined by reflectance measurements is 0.6 eV, and the material is highly resistive.     

Metabonomics and biomarker discovery: LC-MS metabolic profiling and constant neutral loss scanning combined with multivariate data analysis for mercapturic acid analysis

In the field of metabonomics, 1H NMR and full scan mass spectrometry methods have usually been combined with principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) to detect patterns in biofluids that correspond to specific effects, usually a toxic site effect of a compound. Confounders together with great interindividual variation complicate such analysis in humans, and therefore, metabonomic data are almost restricted to animals. In our study, a constant neutral loss (CNL) scan on a linear ion trap demonstrated increased sensitivity and specificity compared to a full scan approach and was performed to detect mercapturic acids (MA), a class of effect markers. The method was applied to human volunteers administered 50 and 500 mg of acetaminophen (AAP), a model compound known to form MAs. Using a new algorithm to prepare the CNL data for chemometrics, discrimination of control and postdose samples could be performed using PCA and PLS-DA. The loadings plots clearly revealed AAP-MA as a marker, even at low-dose levels. Orthogonal signal correction (OSC) was carried out to investigate background information that is not due to exposure. Surprisingly, the OSC data provided a classification of male and female subjects showing the performance of the new approach.     

Studien zur Korngrößenverteilung von Bleicherden

Studies in Particle Size Distribution of Bleaching Earths The particle size distribution of various German and American bleaching earths was determined to check whether a relation exists between size distribution and technical properties of the earths. The results of determinations obtained by sieving-, sifting-, and sedimentation methods was surprising: the obtained size distribution depends on the method to such a degree that it was impossible to specify the “real” particle size and the functional value of the earths. It is recommended to the consumer to determine as before only these data which concern directly the scope of the earths.     

Grundlagen und Grenzgebiete der Lebensmittelwissenschaft

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