Trends of out-mobility from large housing estates in Stockholm: influences of the housing policy and neighbourhood context

Since 1990s Stockholm housing market has seen deregulations in accordance with liberalization trends in other European welfare states. The new governance principles together with increasing immigration and public rental housing conversions into cooperative housing in attractive inner city areas have put pressure on still rental-dominated estates because fewer rental dwellings must now cater to expanding numbers of people who have little choice on the housing market. In recent decades, many estates have displayed increasing signs of stigmatization, social exclusion, and outflow of relatively affluent people. This paper improves our knowledge of how the housing policy and economic changes have affected out-mobility from the housing estates in case of three cohorts of young people and how the childhood neighbourhood conditions affect this. Individual annual Swedish registry data (1990–2014) are employed to longitudinally study the out-mobility patterns of three cohorts that grew up in the estates against the backdrop of marketization, growing inequality and deteriorating conditions. This study supplements the existing literature on housing estates by clarifying how income has become more and ethnicity less important over time in explaining sorting patterns from these estates. However, the combination of the two has determined sorting throughout the study period. Growing up in a higher socioeconomic status neighbourhood had modest impact on reducing socioeconomic differences in out-mobility from the estates, while leading to more sorting based on ethnic background.

     

Electrochemical Wear of Carbon Cathodes in Electrowinning of Aluminum

Cathode wear is the main factor limiting the lifetime of high-amperage aluminum electrolysis cells with graphitized cathodes. The current article deals with an investigation of cathode wear in a laboratory cell, where the cathode is directly exposed to the electrolyte during electrolysis. The wear was shown to be electrochemical in nature and dependent on the current density, the rotation speed, and the depth of prefabricated slots in the cylindrical cathodes. The wear mechanism is discussed with respect to kinetics influencing the electrochemistry as well as the solubility of aluminum carbide in the electrolyte.     

Effects of physical activity on the deposition of traffic-related particles into the human lungs in silico

Traffic-related particle emissions have been a great concern over a number of years due to their adverse health effects. In this research project, traffic-related particle deposition in the human lungs is studied using lung deposition estimates based on the ICRP 66 model. This study covers four human groups, i.e. adult males, adult females and two groups of children aged 5 and 10 years. The study examines particle deposition in the human lungs in relation to four different physical exercise levels, i.e. sleeping, sitting, light exercise and heavy exercise. To conduct the study, the particle size distributions of diesel and compressed natural gas (CNG) busses were monitored in field laboratory conditions. The study indicates that the total number of diesel particles measured is greater than the total number of CNG particles. The results further display that most of the diesel particles measured are smaller than 0.2 μm, whereas the CNG particles are smaller than 0.05 μm in aerodynamic diameter. The level of physical exercise, as well as the age and gender of a person affects the deposition of particles in the lungs. An increase in the physical activity results in larger amounts of small-size particles penetrating deeper into the respiratory system. The lung deposition of particles in males was substantially different compared to that of females and children. The deposited dose of particles was generally lower for females than for males and further lower for children than for females. This article argues that these groups should be discussed separately when conducting exposure assessments and that the level of physical activity should be taken into account when assessing potential health consequences.     

Nutrient discharges to Biscayne Bay, Florida: trends, loads, and a pollutant index

Changes in land use, management practices, and environmental conditions may all lead to detectable differences in nutrients transported to aquatic systems. Biscayne Bay, an oligotrophic estuary in southeastern Florida, requires minimal phosphorus and nitrogen inputs and here we quantified the effects of continued watershed development. Nutrient (nitrate/nitrite-nitrogen [NO_X-N], total ammonia nitrogen [NH₃-N], and total phosphorus [TP]) water quality data (1992-2006) from six monitoring sites were evaluated using trend analysis, load estimation, and a new Pollutant Empower Density (PED) index. The PED index assesses the effect of discharged pollutants relative to the background productivity of aquatic environments. NO_X-N, NH₃-N, and TP concentrations declined or exhibited no change at most sites, with only six instances of significantly (p < 0.1) increasing trends. Load estimates revealed higher NO_X-N loads in the southern, agricultural section of the watershed and higher NH₃-N and TP loads in the urbanized northern and central areas. NO_X-N loads from site MW04 (south) were the highest for all sites while site LR06 (north) had the highest NH₃-N and TP loads. Of the evaluated canal discharges, PED index values also suggested that canal discharges from these two sites (MW04 and LR06) had the greatest potential for impact in the bay. Overall, water quality is generally improving but canal discharges are coupled with land use activities in adjacent drainage areas. Trend analysis, load estimation, and the PED index can be used together to provide a more holistic interpretation of water quality, which is necessary for optimizing resources to meet watershed management goals.     

Characterization of Volatile Organic Compounds Emitted by Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Roots and Their Attractiveness to Wireworms

Root volatile organic compounds (VOCs), their chemistry and ecological functions have garnered less attention than aboveground emitted plant VOCs. We report here on the identification of VOCs emitted by barley roots (Hordeum vulgare L.). Twenty nine VOCs were identified from isolated 21-d-old roots. The detection was dependent on the medium used for root cultivation. We identified 24 VOCs from 7-d-old roots when plants were cultivated on sterile Hoagland gelified medium, 33 when grown on sterile vermiculite, and 34 on non-sterile vermiculite. The major VOCs were fatty acid derived compounds, including hexanal, methyl hexanoate, (E)-hex-2-enal, 2-pentylfuran, pentan-1-ol, (Z)-2-(pentenyl)-furan, (Z)-pent-2-en-1-ol, hexan-1-ol, (Z)-hex-3-en-1-ol, (E)-hex-2-en-1-ol, oct-1-en-3-ol, 2-ethylhexan-1-ol (likely a contaminant), (E)-non-2-enal, octan-1-ol, (2E,6Z)-nona-2,6-dienal, methyl (E)-non-2-enoate, nonan-1-ol, (Z)-non-3-en-1-ol, (E)-non-2-en-1-ol, nona-3,6-dien-1-ol, and nona-2,6-dien-1-ol. In an olfactometer assay, wireworms (larvae of Agriotes sordidus Illiger, Coleoptera: Elateridae) were attracted to cues emanating from barley seedlings. We discuss the role of individual root volatiles or a blend of the root volatiles detected here and their interaction with CO₂ for wireworm attraction.     

Corrosion protection of anisotropically conductive adhesive joined flip chips

Corrosion is a common cause of failure in electronic devices. Conformal coatings may be used to prevent corrosion of electronics packages. Water and contaminants are thus not in direct contact with the package surface, which may improve resistance to corrosion. However, it is important to study the effects of corrosion on both coating materials and on the electronics itself. The protection method and the level of protection can then be selected.This study presents a salt spray test of anisotropically conductive adhesive joined flip chip components on FR-4 substrate, where half of the test samples were parylene C coated. A dramatic difference was seen between these two test lots. Parylene C proved to be an excellent barrier against salt spray. The test lots without conformal coating suffered severe corrosion, and were thus considerably less reliable. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) revealed the reasons for the failures in the non-coated test samples. The main reason was found to be severe corrosion of the nickel layer. There were no failures among the parylene C coated test samples during the 3000 h test. Moisture absorption of the FR-4 substrate material is also studied in this paper. Both plain FR-4 and parylene C coated FR-4 materials were studied. These tests were performed both at room temperature and in boiling water.     

Stabilizing position/force control of robots interacting with environment by learning connectionist structures

This paper is mostly concerned with the application of connectionist architectures for fast on-line learning of robot dynamic uncertainties used at the executive hierarchical control level in robot contact tasks. The connectionist structures are integrated in non-learning control laws for contact tasks which enable stabilization and good tracking performance of position and force. It has been shown that the problem of tracking a specified reference trajectory and specified force profile with a present quality of their transient response can be efficiently solved by means of the application of a four-layer perceptron. A four-layer perceptron is part of a hybrid learning control algorithm through the process of synchronous training which uses fast learning rules and available sensor information in order to improve robotic performance progressively in the minimum possible number of learning epochs. Some simulation results of the deburring process with robot MANUTEC r3 are shown to verify effectiveness of the proposed control learning algorithms.