在双面加热的窄缝环形流道中流动沸腾换热研究

在窄缝流道内发生沸腾换热现象时,由于沸腾产生的汽泡受窄缝流道的限制,受压变形而消除了汽泡表面张力对传热的影响。因此对此现象进行基础性理论研究具有很重要的意义。本文在常压下用蒸馏水对窄缝间隙为 0.75mm的垂直环形流道,进行了流动沸腾传热实验研究。实验段的有效加热长度为 900mm,其加热方式为内外侧双面加热,实验的流量变化范围在 1.67× 10－ 5～ 5.83× 10－ 5m3/s。通过实验得到了在不同质量流速和热流密度下双面加热的窄缝流道中内外侧沸腾换热系数随干度变化的分布和特点。研究结果表明,由于在窄缝流道中存在着大量的运动聚合受压变形汽泡,因此使内外侧沸腾换热系数都很高 (可达 105W· m－ 2· K－ 1以上 )。     

汽车电子连接器的力学机理研究——截面针型连接器设计参数的灵敏度分析

以连接端子、印刷电路板和电镀通孔3种不同材料构成的一种可拔插截面针型汽车电子连接器为研究对象,为满足其在非塑性状态下相互接触实现可反复拔插、稳定低电阻的连接要求。针对连接可靠性设计问题,利用接触动力学理论,对基于设计参数变化的连接器米赛斯应力和接触应力分布进行了解析和灵敏度分析,得到了影响其连接性能的关键设计参数。文中为减少高精度设计参数灵敏度解析的计算时间,提出了将连接端子前、后段形态设计参数分离的解析法,即在接触力学解析过程中,首先以准静态接触方法对连接端子后段(连接形态)设计参数进行接触力学解析,再以动态接触方法对连接端子前段(插拔形态)设计参数进行接触力学解析的方法。其结果对同类微小型可拔插截面针型汽车电子连接器设计参数的确定具有参考价值。     

Measurements of Two-Dimensional Distribution of Refrigerant Concentration in EHL Film Using Micro FT-IR and Effect of Variation of Concentration on Oil Film Thickness

The dissolution of refrigerant into a lubricant causes a decrease in viscosity of the oil and it gives a large effect on the lubrication of sliding parts in a refrigerant compressor. This paper describes an application of micro FT-IR to measure the two-dimensional concentration distribution of refrigerant held in solution in the EHL film surrounded by the refrigerant gas and discusses the refrigerant concentration variation in the vicinity of the Hertzian contact area. In order to measure the concentration distribution, an apparatus which can observe the EHL film in a point contact in the refrigerant atmosphere was developed. The refrigerant concentration was measured using micro FT-IR through a CaF₂ window from outside of the apparatus with polyol ester as a base oil in an atmosphere pressurized with HFC-134a refrigerant gas. The results indicate that the concentration of HFC-134a refrigerant reduces in the inlet boost region of EHL contact and the Hertzian contact area but in the side region of Hertzian contact area it is greater than that in the bulk fluid. In addition, the effect of the variation on the oil film thickness is discussed.     

Enhancement of low density lipoprotein binding to both low density lipoprotein receptor-positive and- negative cells by tetracycline antibiotics

Some tetracycline (TC) antibiotics, including TC and anhydrotetracycline, have been found to enhance specific binding of low density lipoprotein (LDL) to both LDL receptor-positive and-negative cells at relatively higher concentrations. When incubated at 37°C, the ability of LDL receptor-negative human fibroblasts to bind ¹²⁵I-LDL was increased from<2 to 45 ng/mg by 170 μM TC. In normal human fibroblasts and Hep G2 cells, ¹²⁵I-LDL binding was elevated 1.4- to 2-fold by 113 μM TC. The ¹²⁵I-LDL binding in the presence of TC was diminished by both heparin and EDTA. The enhancement by TC was not observed when ¹²⁵I-LDL binding was assayed at 4°C. TC enhanced LDL binding to paraformaldehyde-fixed Hep G2 cells, excluding LDL receptor induction in the mechanism. These results demonstrated that TC enhanced cellular LDL binding through a process not involving functional LDL receptors.     

Investigation of anti-wear additives for low viscous synthetic esters: Hydroxyalkyl phosphonates

Various synthetic esters are widely applied as lubricating fluid to reduce friction and wear at tribological contact. Among them low viscous synthetic esters are expected to improve fuel efficiency by minimizing the fluid friction. These low viscous esters are composed of short-chain fatty acids. Therefore, low viscous synthetic esters are inherently polar molecules. Since efficiency of anti-wear additives decreases with increase of polarity of the base oil, new additive technology is requested.In this work, hydroxyalkyl phosphates [P(O)(OCHRCH₂OH)₃], and hydroxyalkyl phosphonates [P(OH)_n(OCHRCH₂OH)_3−n, where n=1,2] are proposed as novel anti-wear additives for polar synthetic esters. The anti-wear additives are evaluated under the boundary conditions. The additives prevent wear in polar esters, in which conventional anti-wear additives do not work at all. Interestingly, effects of substituent in additive molecule on anti-wear properties are found. Alkyl and aryl derivatives reduce wear remarkably, whereas allyl derivatives exhibit poor results. It is speculated that the anti-wear inefiiciency of allylic compounds is due to auto-oxidation of the additives.A facile preparative method for hydroxyalkyl derivatives characterizes the present additive system. They are prepared in situ by simply mixing phosphonic acid and substituted epoxides. Flexiblity of lubricant design can be made possible by the present additive system.     

High temperature superconductor micro-superconducting-quantum-interference-device magnetometer for magnetization measurement of a microscale magnet

We have developed a high temperature superconductor (HTS) micrometer-sized dc superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometer for high field and high temperature operation. It was fabricated from YBa2Cu3O7-delta of 92 nm in thickness with photolithography techniques to have a hole of 4x9 microm2 and 2 microm wide grain boundary Josephson junctions. Combined with a three dimensional magnetic field coil system, the modulation patterns of critical current Ic were observed for three different field directions. They were successfully used to measure the magnetic properties of a molecular ferrimagnetic microcrystal (23x17x13 microm3), [Mn2(H2O)2(CH3COO)][W(CN)8]2H2O. The magnetization curve was obtained in magnetic field up to 0.12 T between 30 and 70 K. This is the first to measure the anisotropy of hysteresis curve in the field above 0.1 T with an accuracy of 10(-12) J T(-1) (10(-9) emu) with a HTS micro-SQUID magnetometer.     

Effect of different features to drill-wear prediction with back propagation neural network

In this paper, a back propagation neural network (BPNN) has been applied to predict the corner wear of a high speed steel (HSS) drill bit for drilling on different workpiece materials. Specially defined static and dynamic features extracted by a wavelet packet transform (WPT) from the resultant force converted from thrust and torque together with the cutting conditions (workpiece material, spindle speed, drill diameter, feed rate) are used as inputs to train the network to obtain a better output, drill corner wear. Drilling experiments have been carried out over a wide range and, features newly defined and conventional ones, features extracted from different frequency bands are compared.     

Effect of Normal Force on the Triboplasma Generation Under Oil Lubrication

Previously, triboplasma image was successfully taken under oil lubrication, and the mechanism of triboplasma generation was clarified to be caused by air discharge in the cavity or bubble produced in the divergent rear clearance gap of sliding contact. In the present study, the effect of normal force on the triboplasma generation was investigated in the tribosystem of a diamond pin sliding on a sapphire disk under perfluoropolyether oil lubrication. Two-dimensional images and the intensities of the photons emitted from the sliding contact and the rear divergent clearance of the plasma region were measured. UV photons are emitted mostly from the plasma region, whereas visible and IR photons are emitted from both the sliding contact and the plasma regions. The visible and IR photon emission intensity from the sliding contact increases linearly with the normal force, i.e., proportional to the real area of contact. On the other hand, photon emission intensity of the UV, visible and IR photons from the plasma region is nothing or negligibly small below a critical normal force, above which it increases greatly with the normal force. This means that there exists critical tribocharge-induced electric field determined by real area contact to accelerate the electrons passing through the thin oil film into the bubbles. Then, to avoid or utilize the plasma, the normal force should be applied below or above the critical normal force, which depend on the type of tribosystem, respectively.