Creep deformation of induction pressure welded 2·25Cr-1Mo steel

In this paper, experimental results involving the effect of stress and temperature on creep behaviour of induction pressure welded (IPW) 2·25Cr-1Mo steel are presented. Creep rupture tests were conducted at 550–700°C in steps of 50°C over a stress range of 112·5–180 MPa. Above 650°C failure of the specimen was enhanced due to the microstructural instability. Failure in the specimens occurred invariably in the heat affected zones (HAZ), and the fracture surfaces indicated ductile failure.     

Platelet-activating factor and the vascular effects of zymosan in rats

Platelet-activating factor (PAF; 2.5 micrograms/kg) injected in the tail vein of anaesthetized rats increased the vascular permeability of the duodenum, paws, skin and muscles, as measured by the extravasation of 125I-labelled albumin. It did not affect the permeability of the lungs or the presence of labelled albumin in the liver and spleen. The effects of PAF were dose dependently inhibited by WEB 2086 (ID50: 1.39 to 2.09 mg/kg) and SM-12502 (ID50: 7.17 to 8.36 mg/kg). Zymosan, an activator of the alternative complement pathway (10 or 16 mg/kg), induced protein extravasation in the lungs, duodenum, paws and skin, and the accumulation of labelled albumin in the liver. The effects of zymosan on the duodenum and liver were dose dependently inhibited by WEB-2086 and SM-12502. Both PAF antagonists increased the effects of zymosan in the paws but they did not affect protein extravasation in the lungs. The hypotensive effect of PAF (0.5 micrograms/kg) was inhibited by WEB 2086 (ID50: 1.21 mg/kg) and SM-12502 (ID50: 13.4 mg/kg). Both PAF antagonists reduced the hypotensive effects of zymosan (4 or 16 mg/kg) with a similar relative inhibitory potency. PAF is the major mediator involved in the hypotensive effect of zymosan but plays only a minor role in the permeability-enhancing effect of zymosan, mostly in the splanchnic area.     

Microstructural development in microsecond pulsed laser melted polycrystalline nickel

The microsecond Nd glass pulsed laser interaction with polycrystalline nickel was studied with particular emphasis on melting and the nature of the microstructural development following irradiation. The change in the melt pool shape and the melting efficiency as a function of the total laser power has been determined. Evidence is presented to show that for low energy pulse, the microstructural development accompanies fresh nucleation of grains and leads to a finer grain size than that of the substrate. At a higher energy level, growth competition leads to a coarser grain size. We also report a banded feature roughly parallel to the melt substrate interface that develops in the resolidified region during high energy interaction. These results are discussed in the light of our present understanding of rapid solidification processes.     

The error variance of LMS with time-varying weights

A calculation of weight error variance of the LMS (least mean square) algorithm is made in the presence of time-varying true weights. With time-varying weights the LMS error system has in general several time scales operating at once. This causes difficulties in the variance calculation which seem hitherto to have passed unnoticed. To handle this problem a sort of perturbation expansion is developed based on weak convergence methods or `stochastic averaging'. The main concern in carrying out the error variance calculation is to study the effect on LMS performance of adaptation speed as it relates to true speed of parameter change. Three cases are covered with reference to considering adaptation speed with respect to true speed: first, where the adaptation speed is too slow; second, where it is matched: and third, where it is faster     

Analytic investigation of the process of formation of a spatially inhomogeneous structural state in a steel plate subjected to rapid cooling

We analyze the process of formation of a spatially inhomogeneous phase composition of several types of steel in cooling with convective heat exchange with the environment. The principles of the classical theory of heat conduction and the theory of interpolational models of structural state formation in rapidly cooled steels are used for numerical prediction. On this basis, we develop a technique for the analysis of phase composition. It is shown that the percentage of the martensitic constituent in steels increases as the external heat removal becomes more intense; at the same time, the tendency to complete hardening in steel is intensified. These observations are in a good agreement with experiment.Pidstrygach Institute of Applied Problems in Mechanics and Mathematics, Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, L'viv. Translated from Fiziko-Khimicheskaya Mekhanika Materialov, Vol. 29, No. 6, pp. 101–104, November–December, 1993.     

Numerical electromagnetic simulator termination de-embeddingtechnique

The authors report a novel approach whereby transmission-line end effects can be assessed by numerical simulation without recourse to the evaluation of the propagation properties of the line interconnecting the termination and excitation signal launch planes. As an example of the new technique, a microstrip open-ended line termination simulated by the finite-difference time-domain method is reported. The simulated results are compared with those obtained for the same structure but by a conventional numerical de-embedding scheme. The method presented is completely general and can be applied to any numerical electromagnetic field simulation method solving one-port or multiport networks     

Monitoring water quality in reservoirs with IRS-1A-LISS-I

An attempt has been made to quantify the relationship between the variation in IRS-IA-LISS-I (Indian Remote Sensing Satellite-1A Linear Imaging Self-Scanning System) radiance data and field measured change in secchi disc depth. Secchi disc depth was measured for 47 predetermined sampling locations on reservoir surface water. At extinction depth (secchi depth), water samples were collected from all the sampling locations. Suspended sediments of eight locations representing various reaches of the reservoir were selected for mineralogical, particle size and optical properties analysis. The LISS-I radiance value in band 1 (0.45–0.52µm) band 2 (0-52–0.59 µm) and band 3 (0.62–0.68 µm) were used in a regression analysis. The absorption infrared band 4 (0.77–0.86 µm) was not included in the analysis. In these, the dependable variable was secchi depth (SD) and the LISS-I-radiance data was the estimator variable. Forty-seven data sets of 20 October 1988 from Tawa reservoir surface water were used to obtain an estimator equation for SD. The verification of the estimator equation was tested by applying it to a data set of 21 measurements of 28 September 1988 for this reservoir. The coefficient of correlation between observed and estimated values for the 28 September 1988 data set wasr=0.92 for SD, indicating that the equation could accurately predict the water clarity (SD) for this reservoir on new occasions from IRS-IA-LISS-I spectral data. It is shown that mineral composition and optical properties of suspended sediments influence the reflected radiance of water quality. It is concluded that IRS-IA-LISS-I data provide a useful means of mapping water quality in reservoir.