Mannans as stabilizers of oil-in-water beverage emulsions

The stabilizing effect of spruce galactoglucomannan (GGM) on a model beverage emulsion system was studied and compared to that of guar gum and locust bean gum galactomannans, konjac glucomannan, and corn arabinoxylan. In addition, guar gum was enzymatically modified in order to examine the effect of the degree of polymerization and the degree of substitution of galactomannans on emulsion stability. Use of GGM increased the turbidity of emulsions both immediately after preparation and after storage of up to 14 days at room temperature. GGM emulsions had higher turbidity than the emulsions containing other mannans. The initial turbidity increased with increasing GGM content, but after 14 days storage at room temperature, the turbidity was the highest for GGM/oil ratio of 0.10:1 when ethanol-precipitated GGM was used. Increasing the storage temperature to +45 °C led to rapid emulsion breakdown, but a decrease in storage temperature increased emulsion stability after 14 days. Confocal microscopy showed that the average particle size in the bottom part of GGM emulsions stored for 14 days was smaller than 1 μm. A low degree of polymerization and a high degree of substitution of the modified galactomannans were associated with a decrease in emulsion turbidity.     

School attitudes, cognitive ability, and academic achievement.

Investigated relationships between school-related attitudes and measures of English, mathematics, French, and physical and biological sciences at different levels of verbal and nonverbal reasoning abilities and creativity. Data were collected on 195 female and 201 male 12-yr-olds from 4 high schools in an English provincial town. Regression surfaces were constructed from models that examined possible linear, curvilinear, and interaction relations between the variables. The Jackknife technique was used to adjust the significance levels in the analysis. Results indicate that there are sex differences in relations between school attitudes, ability, and achievement. Two propositions are suggested: (a) At each attitude level, increases in cognitive ability are associated with increments in academic achievement. (b) At different ability levels, increases in attitude scores are related to increments in achievement. (34 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Reviewing the world's edible mushroom species: A new evidence-based classification system

Wild mushrooms are a vital source of income and nutrition for many poor communities and of value to recreational foragers. Literature relating to the edibility of mushroom species continues to expand, driven by an increasing demand for wild mushrooms, a wider interest in foraging, and the study of traditional foods. Although numerous case reports have been published on edible mushrooms, doubt and confusion persist regarding which species are safe and suitable to consume. Case reports often differ, and the evidence supporting the stated properties of mushrooms can be incomplete or ambiguous. The need for greater clarity on edible species is further underlined by increases in mushroom-related poisonings. We propose a system for categorizing mushroom species and assigning a final edibility status. Using this system, we reviewed 2,786 mushroom species from 99 countries, accessing 9,783 case reports, from over 1,100 sources. We identified 2,189 edible species, of which 2,006 can be consumed safely, and a further 183 species which required some form of pretreatment prior to safe consumption or were associated with allergic reactions by some. We identified 471 species of uncertain edibility because of missing or incomplete evidence of consumption, and 76 unconfirmed species because of unresolved, differing opinions on edibility and toxicity. This is the most comprehensive list of edible mushrooms available to date, demonstrating the huge number of mushrooms species consumed. Our review highlights the need for further information on uncertain and clash species, and the need to present evidence in a clear, unambiguous, and consistent manner.     

Acidity and Power: The Politics of Natural Wine in Nineteenth-Century Germany

This article examines the origins of the natural-wine movement in Germany—the first of its kind in Europe—by exploring the crucial technological and social developments which prompted the use of derided “artificial” winemaking techniques. The forgotten social reformer Ludwig Gall, once known to as the “savoir of the small vintner,” helped to relieve the unreliable dependency of winegrowers on nature by perfecting a deacidification technique which allowed for pleasant wines in any vintage. While Gall's technique became an important part of the road out of impoverishment for many winegrowers in the Mosel River Valley, it had the additional effect of challenging the static nature of the wine trade and the monopolies and economic efficiencies of large landowners. By outlining the initial uses of Gall's technique and the opposition to it, this article reveals the formative debates in the ongoing controversy over the definition of natural wine. In turn, the concepts of “artificial” and “natural” are shown to be grounded more in the social and political spheres of the nineteenth-century German wine trade and less in matters of consumer choice or concerns over the environment.     

Reduction of Aflatoxin in Corn by High Voltage Atmospheric Cold Plasma

This study investigated the efficacy of high voltage atmospheric cold plasma (HVACP) treatment on degradation of aflatoxin in corn. Gas type (Air, MA65), relative humidity (5, 40, 80% RH), treatment time (1, 2, 5, 10, 20,and 30 min), mode of reaction, post-treatment storage, stirring of corn material were parameters investigated on degradation of aflatoxin by HVACP treatment. Generation of reactive gas species was characterized with optical emission spectroscopy and measured with dragger tubes. Generation of reactive gas species are influence by gas type and relative humidity. Higher concentration of ozone and NOx were generated during HVACP treatment in MA65 than in air and with lower relative humidity. Aflatoxin in corn could be rapidly degraded by HVACP treatment. Aflatoxin in corn was degraded by 62% and 82% by 1 and 10 min HVACP treatment in RH 40% air, respectively. The degradation kinetics of aflatoxin by HVACP treatment follows a logistic model. Higher degradation of aflatoxin was achieved in gas MA65, at higher relative humidities (40%, 80%). Direct or indirect HVACP treatment was equally effective in degrading aflatoxin in corn. Stirring the corn sample during HVACP treatment and post-treatment storage increased aflatoxin degradation in corn by HVACP treatment.     

Liquid Chromatography–Hybrid Linear Ion Trap–High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (LTQ-Orbitrap) Method for the Determination of Glycoalkaloids and Their Aglycons in Potato Samples

Potatoes produce biologically active secondary metabolites like glycoalkaloids and their aglycons, which may have both adverse and beneficial effects in the diet. A new analytical method that uses liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LTQ-Orbitrap) has been developed for the analysis of glycoalkaloids and their aglycons in potato samples. Two glycoalkaloids, α-solanine and α-chaconine, and two aglycons, demissidine and solasodine, were quantified in potato samples. Samples were extracted using methanol, purified on an SPE Strata C₁₈ cartridge, and then analyzed in HPLC–mass spectrometry (LTQ-Orbitrap) with the FTMS operating in full scan at a resolving power of 30,000 (FWHM), enabling the detection and accurate mass measurement and with the ITMS mode operating in MRM (multiple reaction monitoring) for glycoalkaloids and their aglycons using the [M + H]⁺ ions and their optimized collision energies. After validation, the method was applied to screen different type of potatoes, and some cooking experiment were conducted.     

BEH Amide柱：使碳水化合物的分析更简单、快速、高效

碳水化合物的色谱分析对很多行业的研究来说都是非常重要的工作。例如．食品中单糖与二糖的定性定量,由于复杂糖类．糖醇、人造甜味剂与盐皆可形成复杂基质．使分析变得困难;制药行业通常使用简单或复杂的糖类或糖衍生物基质作为起始药物．通过对药物配方中的这些化合物进行分析,可以为生产提供所需要的信息;     

Free radical chemistry of disinfection byproducts. 2. Rate constants and degradation mechanisms of trichloronitromethane (chloropicrin)

Absolute rate constants for the free-radical-induced degradation of trichloronitromethane (TCNM, chloropicrin) were determined using electron pulse radiolysis and transient absorption spectroscopy. Rate constants for hydroxyl radical, *OH, and hydrated electron, e(aq)-, reactions were (4.97 +/- 0.28) x 10(7) M(-1) s(-1) and (2.13 +/- 0.03) x 10(10) M(-1) s(-1), respectively. It appears that the *OH adds to the nitro-group, while the e(aq)- reacts via dissociative electron attachment to give two carbon centered radicals. The mechanisms of these free radical reactions with TCNM were investigated, using 60Co gamma irradiation at various absorbed doses, measuring the disappearance of TCNM and the appearance of the product nitrate and chloride ions. The rate constants and mechanistic data were combined in a kinetic computer model that was used to describe the major free radical pathways for the destruction of TCNM in solution. These data are applicable to other advanced oxidation/reduction processes.     

Coupling passive air sampling with emission estimates and chemical fate modeling for persistent organic pollutants (POPs): a feasibility study for Northern Europe

Passive air samplers (polyurethane foam disks) were deployed at 23 background locations along a broadly west-east transect in 8 northern European countries and analyzed for PCBs, PBDEs, PAHs, and a range of organochlorine pesticides (HCB, DDTs, and DDEs). PCBs and PAHs were highest at the center of the transect (Denmark) and lowest in northern Norway. HCB was relatively uniformly distributed, reflecting its persistence and high degree of mixing in air. Higher DDE and DDT levels occurred in Eastern Europe and at several sites in Central Europe. PBDE levels were generally similar at all sites, but lower for some locations in Eastern Europe and Ireland. Emissions information for PCBs, HCB, and PBDEs was used as input for a multi-media chemical fate model, to generate predicted air concentrations and compare with these measured values. Different scenarios were highlighted by this exercise: (i) country and compound combinations where the national inventory gave predicted air concentrations in close agreement with those measured (e.g., PCBs in the UK); (ii) country and compound combinations where predicted concentrations were well below those measured, but where advection of emissions from elsewhere is likely to be important (e.g., PCBs in Norway); (iii) consistent underestimation of compound concentrations by the emissions modeling (i.e., HCB); and (iv) general overestimation of ambient concentrations (i.e., PBDEs). Air mass trajectory analysis showed the likely role of long-range atmospheric transport (LRAT) on national levels. In general, advection from the south and west of Europe appeared to contribute to ambient POPs levels for countries in the center and northeast of the transect. Guidelines are presented as to how countries that want to assess their POPs source inventories can do so with this relatively cheap initial screening approach.