"Evidence for universality and cultural variation of differential emotion response patterning": Correction.

Reports an error in the original article by K. R. Scherer and H. G. Wallbott (Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1994[Feb], Vol 66[2], 310–328). On page 325, the 2nd and 3rd terms in the leftmost column of figure 2 should be interchanged. (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 1994-29654-001.) Reviews the major controversy concerning psychobiological universality of differential emotion patterning vs cultural relativity of emotional experience. Data from a series of cross-cultural questionnaire studies in 37 countries on 5 continents are reported and used to evaluate the respective claims of the proponents in the debate. Results show highly significant main effects and strong effect sizes for the response differences across 7 major emotions (joy, fear, anger, sadness, disgust, shame, and guilt). Profiles of cross-culturally stable differences among the emotions with respect to subjective feeling, physiological symptoms, and expressive behavior are also reported. The empirical evidence is interpreted as supporting theories that postulate both a high degree of universality of differential emotion patterning and important cultural differences in emotion elicitation, regulation, symbolic representation, and social sharing. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Wiederaufladbare Zink/Luftsauerstoff-Batterien

Thanks to their high specific energy content, their cost-favourable materials, and their good environmental compatibility, zinc/atmospheric oxygen batteries are of interest as energy source for electrotraction. Rechargeable zinc/atmospheric oxygen batteries are particularly suitable for this application. Use of atmospheric oxygen as reactant requires a semi-open construction with stringent demands on the materials of the interface. The state of the art of variants of this battery type and the principal components (air-diffusion electrode, zinc electrode, electrolyte) are presented in detail and discussed in this review article.     

Abschätzung des Gefährdungspotentials druckverflüssigter Gase

Estimation of Potential Danger Arisig from Pressure-Condensed Gases. Analytical solutions are shown for a specific industrial application in order to estimate the potential danger of pressure condensation of gases. First of all it should be determined in which positions high stresses have to be expected. Afte excluding the case “Bruch vor Leck” (breakage before leak), possible cross sections of leakages can be stated. The laws of thermodynamics laws can be used to determine quantities pertaining to the states of aggregation concerned (liquid/gaseous) may be determined in case of failure. Finally it is possible to determine the size of the ground cradle as well as possible undergrate firing by an investigation of the processes at the liquied pools. Finally we indicated a water sprinkling plant sufficient for handling cases of fire. It was taken into account that the total heat of combustion of the leakage stream will be transferred to the cooling water film.     

Development and plasticity of adrenal chromaffin cells: Cues based on in vitro studies

Neural crest derived precursors of the sympathoadrenal cell lineage give rise to two major cell types that differ in a number of morphological, ultrastructural, and biochemical characteristics: principal sympathetic neurons and chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla. The present article reviews experimental studies performed on cultured adrenal medullary cells and designed to unravel the nature of epigenetic signals governing the developmental choice between the endocrine chromaffin and the neuronal sympathetic phenotype. Emphasis is placed on the role of glucocorticoids in initiation, development, and maintenance of the endocrine chromaffin phenotype and apparently antagonistic influences exerted by nerve growth factor (NGF) in vitro, resulting in the acquisition of neuronal properties by differentiated chromaffin cells. Experimental data from in vitro studies are compatible with the following conclusions. Glucocorticoids represent the decisive signal for the initial induction of endocrine differentiation. Moreover, high steroid hormone concentrations, as present in the adrenal medulla, are a prerequisite for the maturation of chromaffin cells. Even in a differentiated state, the endocrine phenotype is unstable in the absence of glucocorticoids, and the cells seem to reenter the neuronal developmental pathway. Under these conditions, cellular survival and differentiation into sympathetic neurons become NGF-dependent, as in normal sympathetic development. Thus, the effects of NGF survival, neurite outgrowth, and transmitter synthesis of cultured chromaffin cells probably do not reflect the induction of a specific phenotype, but they may be interpreted as a general neurotrophic support observable with other responsive cell types.     

The tailoring process in the German V-Model

V-Model is the Software Development Standard of the German Federal Authorities and is to be used for all projects in defense and commercial areas. The standard has been in use since summer 1992. V-Model is a life cycle process model that consists of activities and products for software development, quality assurance, configuration management and project management. Explained in this paper is the selection process (tailoring) of the activities and products for specific project needs. Tailoring is achieved by means of deletion conditions for activities or by means of tailoring forms for various project types.     

The molecular structure of anionic species of 2,4,5,7‐tetranitrofluorescein as studied by electrospray ionisation,nuclear magnetic resonance and X‐ray techniques

Among the fluorescein dyes, the behaviour of their nitro derivatives in solution is most unusual, and yet at the same time rarely studied. In this study, their ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance and electrospray spectra are reported, which confirm, in concert with their ultraviolet‐visible spectra, the molecular structures of the neutral and ionic species of 2,4,5,7‐tetranitrofluorescein observed in different solvents and at various pH values. A peculiar property of this dye consists in its lactonisation of the double‐charged anion, contrary to the well‐known coloured and fluorescent dianions of fluorescein, eosin, etc. Also, this dianion‐lactone exhibits high ability for opening the pyran ring. This cleavage takes place at much lower pH values as compared with those for fluorescein and its halogen derivatives. The ruptured species can be formed as either lactone or carbinol; the latter appears as a result of the nucleophilic attack of a HO^? on the central carbon atom. The corresponding molecular structures are identified via the electrospray method and X‐ray analysis. The behaviour of some other nitrofluoresceins in alkaline media is also considered.