Fluid circulation and heat extraction from engineered geothermal reservoirs

A large amount of fluid circulation and heat extraction (i.e., thermal power production) research and testing has been conducted on engineered geothermal reservoirs in the past 15 years. In confined reservoirs, which best represent the original Hot Dry Rock concept, the flow distribution at any given time is primarily determined by three parameters: (1) the nature of the interconnected network of pressure-stimulated joints and open fractures within the flow-accessible reservoir region, (2) the mean pressure in the reservoir, and (3) the cumulative amount of fluid circulation—and therefore reservoir cooling—that has occurred. For an initial reservoir rock temperature distribution and mean fluid outlet temperature, the rate of heat extraction (i.e., thermal power) is at first only a function of the production flow rate, since the production temperature can be expected to remain essentially constant for some time (months, or even years). However, as reservoir circulation proceeds, the production temperature will eventually start to decline, as determined by the mean effective joint spacing and the total flow-accessible (i.e., heat-transfer) volume of the reservoir. The rate of heat extraction, which depends on the production flow rate, can also vary with time as a result of continuing changes in the flow distribution arising from reservoir cooling.The thermal power of engineered reservoirs can most readily be increased by increasing the production flow rate, as long as this does not lead to premature cooldown, the development of short-circuit flow paths, or excessive water losses. Generally, an increase in flow rate can be accomplished by increasing the injection pressure within limits. This strategy increases the driving pressure drop across the reservoir and the mean reservoir pressure, which in turn reduces the reservoir flow impedance by increasing the amount of joint dilation. However, the usefulness of this strategy is limited to reservoir operating pressures below the fracture extension pressure, and may lead to excessive water losses, particularly in less-confined reservoirs. Under such conditions, a downhole production-well pump may be employed to increase productivity by recovering more of the injected fluid at lower mean reservoir operating pressures.     

高压直流输电用直流转换开关转换电流试验回路的分析与设计(1)

针对超高压直流输变电系统用的直流开关转换设备的检验检测如何在试验室实施,笔者通过对直流输电系统的运行工况及特性进行研究,依据电网参数及工况的要求定性试验方法或方式。通过对转换电流开断能力试验的相关分析及PSCAD仿真试验模拟,设计了两种试验回路以满足试验参数的要求,文中介绍其中之一合成试验回路的设计及分析,并进行计算,对其实施进行了必要的阐述和探讨。     

全控桥整流励磁系统对发电机转子接地保护的影响

着重分析了以可控硅为主的整流励磁系统的发电机对基于导纳原理的转子接地保护的影响。并提出了改进方案。     

典型燃煤电厂浆液冷却烟气消白设施SO3治理效果测试研究

分别采用控制冷凝法和异丙醇吸收法对某1 000 MW燃煤发电机组浆液冷却烟气消白设施的烟气SO₃控制效果开展测试。结果表明,机组烟气湿法脱硫设施对SO₃去除效率为62.50%（控制冷凝法）和64.63%（异丙醇吸收法）。烟气经现有超低排放设施协同治理后SO₃质量浓度低于3 mg/m³。浆液冷却设施对SO₃的去除效率仅为6.68%（控制冷凝法）和5.55%（异丙醇吸收法）,烟气SO₃控制效果和环境效益相对较低。建议基于科学论证审慎实施燃煤电厂烟气消白工作,应进一步开展高效SO₃治理技术、测试标准和环境管理政策研究。     

两电池交替供、充电电路

选用电池作为单片机应用系统的电源,应用两个电池交替供电、充电,能彻底解决模拟部分电源地与数字部分电源地的隔离问题,本文研究了两个电池交替供电、充电电路的原理以及防过充电路的原理。     

初始展开面积对一步成形模拟收敛效率的影响

通过典型件方盒，针对一步模拟法初始场预示的截面线展开法和反向变形法，研究了板成形冲压件表面积与初始展开面积之比对收敛性和收敛速度的影响，得出了适当调整该面积比，可以提高收敛速度的结论，并通过某轿车翼子板的一步成形模拟验证了该结论，为进一步提高一步成形模拟的计算效率提供了一个简便而有效的方法．     

循环水冷却塔的改造

分析了循环水冷却塔存在的问题,重点论述了冷却塔的改造及其经济效益。     

Wettability of Surface Oxyfluorinated Polypropylene Fibres and Its Effect on Interfacial Bonding with Cementitious Matrix

The surface of high molecular weight polypropylene monofilament fibre was modified using a oxyfluorination method. The oxyfluorination treatment level was varied and a hydrolysis post-treatment was also applied. Contact angles of oxyfluorinated, hydro-lyzed oxyfluorinated and unmodified polypropylene fibres were obtained by dynamic contact angle (DCA) measurement using three liquids of known dispersion, acid and base surface free energy components. The surface free energies were then calculated according to the acid-base theory developed by Good, van Oss and Chaudhury. Surface oxyfluorination largely increased the acid and base components of the fibres' surface free energy compared with unmodified polypropylene fibres. The oxyfluorinated and unmodified polypropylene fibre surfaces were observed by Scanning Electronic Microscopy and Photoacoustic Infrared Spectroscopy. It was found that the surface oxyfluorination largely increases the roughness of the polypropylene surfaces and the carbonyl group content increases as the treatment level increases. The interfacial shear bond strengths between the cementitious matrix and the polypropylene fibres treated under various conditions were determined by embedded fibre pull-out tests. Results showed that the fibre surface oxyfluorination treatments increase the interfacial bond strengths. The correlations between the shear bond strengths and surface free energy components were established. Results showed that fibre/concrete interfacial bonding was best correlated with the acid component of surface free energy of polypropylene fibres.     

Texture Assessment of Magnetically Processed Iron Titanate

Untextured and highly textured iron titanate specimens were produced by vacuum filtering iron titanate-ethanol suspensions in the absence and presence of a strong magnetic field, respectively. Crystallographic texture was assessed by measuring X-ray pole figures on surfaces parallel and perpendicular to the field direction for several peaks in each system. Morphological texture was assessed by measuring grain size as a function of angle to a reference direction. Results indicate that magnetic field processing imposes a strong, fiber-type texture on the order of 30 times random, with the b -axis parallel to the applied field. Additionally, morphological texturing is absent for the grain sizes studied in this work.     

Block adaptive kernel principal component analysis for nonlinear process monitoring

On‐line modeling of multivariate nonlinear system based on multivariate statistical methods has been studied extensively due to its industrial requirements. In order to further improve the modeling efficiency, a fast Block Adaptive Kernel Principal Component Analysis algorithm is proposed. Comparing with the existing work, the proposed algorithm (1) does not rely on iterative computation in the calculating process, (2) combines the up‐ and downdating operations to become a single one (3) and describes the adaptation of the Gram matrix as a series of rank‐1 modification. In addition, (4) the updation of the eigenvalues and eigenvectors is of and high‐precision. The computational complexity analysis and the numerical study show that the derived strategy possesses better ability to model the time‐varying nonlinear variable interrelationships in process monitoring. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 4334–4345, 2016