A COMPREHENSIVE APPROACH TO URBAN RENEWAL: The Israeli Experience

ABSTRACT: This article examines the implementation shortcomings of Israel's Project Renewal the major social welfare and urban renewal program of the Begin governments (1977–1984). Despite a government decision to have a unified comprehensive program, the process of implementation resulted in at least three separate and independent programs. Many modern nation states, including the United States, have implemented urban renewal and social welfare policies designed to deal with spatially based social inequality. The Israeli effort shares with them the participation of several autonomous agencies. The emphasis, therefore, focuses on those factors that either facilitate or constrain the coordination of the inputs of two or more separate agencies in policy formulation and service delivery. The findings should lend themselves to a comparison of how the political institutions of different countries affect the implementation of similar policy efforts. These findings suggest that the dichotomy between unitary and federal systems explains less about the causes of shortcomings in policy implementation than do other variables Each country has its own political institutions and variables that help to explain policy implementation There is an additional lesson for public policy which this study underscores. Regardless of the formal structure of government, proposals to achieve greater coordination in the formulation and implementation of national and urban policies assume incorrectly that there is either the existing capacity or the ability to impose coordination, or that all participants wild “naturally” agree to coordinate. Reality was otherwise in the case of Project Renewal in Israel, as it was in similar programs in the United States including OEO and Model Cities     

Induced spiking in an ammonia-maser oscillator

Oscillation pulsations (spiking) have been observed in the operation of an ammonia maser subjected to a periodic modulation of the oscillation condition.     

Injection priming of a pulsed molecular-beam maser oscillator

Injection priming of a pulsed ammonia-beam maser oscillator of both the closed and open resonator types is discussed. In both systems, oscillation starting-time jitter can be eliminated, and, in addition, amplitude instabilities prevalent in the latter type can be greatly reduced.     

斜齿轮弯曲强度三维有限元分析模型的建立及其程序实现

用三维有限元方法计算斜齿轮的弯曲强度，较常规的计算方法更符合实际情况，得到的结果更为可靠．斜齿轮三维有限元分析模型的建立是十分复杂和繁琐的．本文提出一种建立斜齿轮轮齿弯曲强度三维有限元分析模型的方法，实现了有限元网格和边界条件的自动生成，提出了确定最恶加载位置的方法，并推导了相应的计算公式．全部算法实现程序化，只需输入齿轮的基本参数，就能得到完整的轮齿三维有限元模型的有关数据文件，可直接和通用有限元软件连接．程序简便实用，适于在工程设计中推广使用．     

Folate-Equipped Nanolipoplexes Mediated Efficient Gene Transfer into Human Epithelial Cells

Since recombinant viral vectors have been associated with serious side effects, such as immunogenicity and oncogenicity, synthetic delivery systems represent a realistic alternative for achieving efficacy in gene therapy. A major challenge for non-viral nanocarriers is the optimization of transgene expression in the targeted cells. This goal can be achieved by fine-tuning the chemical carriers and the adding specific motifs to promote cellular penetration. Our study focuses on the development of novel folate-based complexes that contain varying quantities of folate motifs. After controlling for their physical properties, neutral folate-modified lipid formulations were compared in vitro to lipoplexes leading to comparable expression levels. In addition, no cytotoxicity was detected, unlike what was observed in the cationic controls. Mechanistically, the delivery of the transgene appeared to be, in part, due to endocytosis mediated by folate receptor targeting. This mechanism was further validated by the observation that adding free folate into the medium decreased luciferase expression by 50%. In vivo transfection with the folate-modified MM18 lipid, containing the highest amount of FA-PEG₅₇₀-diether co-lipid (w:w; 90:10), at a neutral charge ratio, gave luciferase transgene expression. These studies indicate that modification of lipids with folate residues could enhance non-toxic, cell-specific gene delivery.     

A Versatile and Simple Approach to Generate Light Emission in Semiconductors Mediated by Electric Double Layers

The light‐emitting device is the primary device for current light sources. In principle, conventional light‐emitting devices need heterostructures and/or intentional carrier doping to form a p–n junction. This junction formation is, however, very difficult to achieve for most emerging semiconductors, and the fabrication of light‐emitting devices is invariably a significant challenge. This study proposes a versatile and simple approach to realize light‐emitting devices. This proposed device requires only a semiconducting film with two electrodes that are covered with an electrolyte. This unique structure achieves light emission at a voltage slightly larger than the bandgap energy of materials. This study applies this concept to emerging direct bandgap semiconductors, such as transition metal dichalcogenide monolayers and zinc oxide single crystals. These devices generate obvious light emission and provide sufficient evidence of the formation of a dynamic p–i–n junction or tunneling junction, presenting a versatile technique to develop optoelectronic devices.     

UEEDA: Uniform and energy‐efficient deployment algorithm for wireless sensor networks

Efficient and accurate sensor deployment is a critical requirement for the development of wireless sensor networks. Recently, distributed energy‐efficient self‐deployment algorithms, such as the intelligent deployment and clustering algorithm (IDCA) and the distributed self‐spreading algorithm (DSSA), have been proposed to offer almost uniform distribution for sensor deployment by employing a synergistic combination of cluster structuring and a peer‐to‐peer deployment scheme. However, both DSSA and IDCA suffer from unnecessary movements that have arisen from an inappropriate design in partial force. To improve the performance of self‐deployment algorithms, a uniform and energy‐efficient deployment algorithm (UEEDA) is proposed in this paper. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed UEEDA outperforms both DSSA and IDCA in terms of uniformity and algorithm convergence speed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.