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41.
An optical fiber interferometer of the Mach-Zehnder type has proved to be a convenient and accurate method for measuring the electric wind in the active region of a corona discharge. The technique relies on the cooling effect of the wind on a small heated region of one arm of the interferometer, which has been remotely heated with an infrared CO(2) laser beam. Wind speeds of up to 5.5 m s(-1) have been measured near the generation region, and by the use of a mesh electrode, the wind has been detected on the axis up to 0.5 m away from the gap. A number of characterization experiments that show the interferometer to be a useful diagnostic tool in the quantitative analysis of the CO(2) laser beam have also been carried out, and good agreement between experimental results and theoretical calculations based on a simple heat-power balance equation for the fiber exists. 相似文献
42.
Hildo J. Lamb A. van der Laarse B. M. Pluim H. P. Beyerbacht J. Doornbos E. E. van der Wall A. de Roos 《Magma (New York, N.Y.)》1998,6(2-3):168-170
4. Conclusions Diastolic LV function and myocardial HEP metabolism are impaired only when LVH is caused by permanent pressure or volume overload,
and not by a temporary increase in cardiac workload during part of the day as in elite athletes. Therefore, training-induced
and pressure/volume-overload-induced LVH seem to represent different phenotypes of LVH, possibly related to genetic reprogramming
which only occurs during permanent cardiac overload [17]. Moreover, there is an association between impaired LV diastolic
function and altered myocardial HEP metabolism in patients with hypertension and in patients with aortic valve disease. Finally
we did not find a correlation between myocardial HEP metabolism and LV mass in any of the groups studied. The latter indicates
that LVH should be regarded as an epiphenomenon to cardiac overload, and not as a primary factor causing abnormal HEP metabolism. 相似文献
43.
LC Rome DA Syme S Hollingworth SL Lindstedt SM Baylor 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1996,93(15):8095-8100
Vertebrate sound producing muscles often operate at frequencies exceeding 100 Hz, making them the fastest vertebrate muscles. Like other vertebrate muscle, these sonic muscles are "synchronous," necessitating that calcium be released and resequestered by the sarcoplasmic reticulum during each contraction cycle. Thus to operate at such high frequencies, vertebrate sonic muscles require extreme adaptations. We have found that to generate the "boatwhistle" mating call (approximately 200 Hz), the swimbladder muscle fibers of toadfish have evolved (i) a large and very fast calcium transient, (ii) a fast crossbridge detachment rate, and (iii) probably a fast kinetic off-rate of Ca2+ from troponin. The fibers of the shaker muscle of rattlesnakes have independently evolved similar traits, permitting tail rattling at approximately 90 Hz. 相似文献
44.
Reliability-based design optimization with confidence level under input model uncertainty due to limited test data 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
Yoojeong Noh K. K. Choi Ikjin Lee David Gorsich David Lamb 《Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization》2011,43(4):443-458
For obtaining a correct reliability-based optimum design, the input statistical model, which includes marginal and joint distributions
of input random variables, needs to be accurately estimated. However, in most engineering applications, only limited data
on input variables are available due to expensive testing costs. The input statistical model estimated from the insufficient
data will be inaccurate, which leads to an unreliable optimum design. In this paper, reliability-based design optimization
(RBDO) with the confidence level for input normal random variables is proposed to offset the inaccurate estimation of the
input statistical model by using adjusted standard deviation and correlation coefficient that include the effect of inaccurate
estimation of mean, standard deviation, and correlation coefficient. 相似文献
45.
Multi-spectral fusion for surveillance systems 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Simon Denman Author Vitae Todd Lamb Author Vitae Author Vitae Vinod Chandran Author Vitae Author Vitae 《Computers & Electrical Engineering》2010,36(4):643-663
Surveillance systems such as object tracking and abandoned object detection systems typically rely on a single modality of colour video for their input. These systems work well in controlled conditions but often fail when low lighting, shadowing, smoke, dust or unstable backgrounds are present, or when the objects of interest are a similar colour to the background. Thermal images are not affected by lighting changes or shadowing, and are not overtly affected by smoke, dust or unstable backgrounds. However, thermal images lack colour information which makes distinguishing between different people or objects of interest within the same scene difficult.By using modalities from both the visible and thermal infrared spectra, we are able to obtain more information from a scene and overcome the problems associated with using either modality individually. We evaluate four approaches for fusing visual and thermal images for use in a person tracking system (two early fusion methods, one mid fusion and one late fusion method), in order to determine the most appropriate method for fusing multiple modalities. We also evaluate two of these approaches for use in abandoned object detection, and propose an abandoned object detection routine that utilises multiple modalities. To aid in the tracking and fusion of the modalities we propose a modified condensation filter that can dynamically change the particle count and features used according to the needs of the system.We compare tracking and abandoned object detection performance for the proposed fusion schemes and the visual and thermal domains on their own. Testing is conducted using the OTCBVS database to evaluate object tracking, and data captured in-house to evaluate the abandoned object detection. Our results show that significant improvement can be achieved, and that a middle fusion scheme is most effective. 相似文献
46.
E. J. Thrush G. Wale-Evans J. E. A. Whiteaway B. L. Lamb D. R. Wight N. G. Chew A. G. Cullis R. J. M. Griffiths 《Journal of Electronic Materials》1984,13(6):969-988
The composition profiles of GaAs/Ga1?xAlxAs heterostructures prepared in two different Metal-Organic Chemical Vapour Deposition (MOCVD) reactors have been studied. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). and Auger and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) sputter profiling results are in good agreement and interface widths below 20 å have been achieved. Significant new results on transient phenomena have been obtained. showing that large and sometimes very sharp excursions in composition can be associated with valve switching actions. Direct evidence is presented that gas pressure or flow transients can occur during valve operations. and it is suggested that such instabilities are the cause of the effects observed. 相似文献
47.
ME Lamb 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1978,49(4):1189-1192
24 infants and their preschool-aged siblings were observed in a laboratory playroom in the presence of their parents. Observations took place when the infants were 12 months old and again 6 months later. Analysis of the social behavior revealed that, at both ages, the children assumed differentiable roles in their interactions: The infants "followed" by observing and imitating while the preschoolers "led" by drawing the infants' attention and by assertive dominance. Over time, infants became increasingly willing to direct social behaviors toward their siblings. There was remarkable behavioral stability across time, with the infants' early propensities seemingly causally related to later pre-schoolers' behavior. Older girls directed more social behaviors to siblings than boys did. The amount of parent-directed behavior was affected by the number of adults present, whereas the amount of sibling-directed behavior was unaffected. 相似文献
48.
Rafael K. de Andrades Márcio Dorn Daniel S. Farenzena Luis C. Lamb 《Expert systems with applications》2013,40(13):5210-5218
The Medical and Pharmaceutical industries have shown high interest in the precise engineering of protein hormones and enzymes that perform existing functions under a wide range of conditions. Proteins are responsible for the execution of different functions in the cell: catalysis in chemical reactions, transport and storage, regulation and recognition control. Computational Protein Design (CPD) investigates the relationship between 3-D structures of proteins and amino acid sequences and looks for all sequences that will fold into such 3-D structure. Many computational methods and algorithms have been proposed over the last years, but the problem still remains a challenge for Mathematicians, Computer Scientists, Bioinformaticians and Structural Biologists. In this article we present a new method for the protein design problem. Clustering techniques and a Dead-End-Elimination algorithm are combined with a SAT problem representation of the CPD problem in order to design the amino acid sequences. The obtained results illustrate the accuracy of the proposed method, suggesting that integrated Artificial Intelligence techniques are useful tools to solve such an intricate problem. 相似文献
49.
Simon D. Hodgson William S. M. Brooks Andrew J. Clayton Giray Kartopu Daniel A. Lamb Vincent Barrioz Stuart J. C. Irvine 《Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications》2015,23(2):150-159
Commercially available quantum dots have been encapsulated in a poly(methyl methacrylate) film and used as a luminescent downshifting layer on cadmium sulfide/cadmium telluride photovoltaic devices. Application of these films has resulted in a relative improvement to the short‐circuit current of over 4% by I–V measurement, with a significant increase in the contribution of short‐wavelength light resulting in 25% of the current available in this part of the spectrum being captured. The films have been shown to be highly scattering and the associated difficulties this provides to external quantum efficiency measurements have been discussed. A range of optical characterisation techniques, particularly laser beam induced current, have been used to probe the effect the films have on a cadmium sulfide/cadmium telluride device. An alternate methodology for performing external quantum efficiency measurements with the quantum dot films has been proposed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
50.
Dougan DA; Malby RL; Gruen LC; Kortt AA; Hudson PJ 《Protein engineering, design & selection : PEDS》1998,11(1):65-74
The interactions between the Fab and single-chain Fv (scFv) fragments of an
antibody (NC10) and its antigen, influenza virus neuraminidase, were
analysed in the crystal structures of the Fab-neuraminidase and
scFv-neuraminidase complexes. To investigate the contribution to binding
made by cavities, salt links and hydrogen bonds in the antibody- antigen
interface, 14 single amino acid replacements were made at six contact
residues in the scFv fragment by site-directed mutagenesis. The binding
affinity of each mutant scFv antibody for neuraminidase was determined with
a BIAcore optical biosensor. Four of the mutations resulted in large
changes in the free energy of binding to neuraminidase (deltadeltaG > 1
kcal/mol) and together may account for approximately 70% of the free energy
of binding. Hence these data support the theory that a small number of
residues form the 'functional epitope' and are most important for binding
of NC10 to neuraminidase. The salt link between antibody residue (Asp)H56
and (Lys)N432 from neuraminidase was demonstrated to be important for
affinity, since substitution of (Asp)H56 with Asn caused a large reduction
in the free energy of binding (deltadeltaG = +2.8 kcal/mol). Hydrogen bonds
provided by (Tyr)L32 and (Asp)H56 were also important for binding: mutation
of (Tyr)L32 to Phe resulted in a significant reduction in binding affinity
(deltadeltaG = +1.7 kcal/mol). Disruption of hydrophobic interactions (van
der Waals contacts) led to significant reductions in affinity also
((Tyr)H99 to Ala, deltadeltaG = +1.5 kcal/mol; (Leu)L94 to Ala, deltadeltaG
> +3.0 kcal/mol). An attempt to increase binding affinity by filling a
cavity in the interface with a larger antibody side chain was unsuccessful,
as the free energy gained by new antibody-antigen interactions did not
compensate for the removal of cavity-bound water molecules.
相似文献