全文获取类型
收费全文 | 4893篇 |
免费 | 357篇 |
国内免费 | 7篇 |
专业分类
电工技术 | 29篇 |
综合类 | 6篇 |
化学工业 | 1549篇 |
金属工艺 | 42篇 |
机械仪表 | 78篇 |
建筑科学 | 209篇 |
矿业工程 | 5篇 |
能源动力 | 110篇 |
轻工业 | 911篇 |
水利工程 | 48篇 |
石油天然气 | 17篇 |
无线电 | 258篇 |
一般工业技术 | 614篇 |
冶金工业 | 815篇 |
原子能技术 | 31篇 |
自动化技术 | 535篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 8篇 |
2023年 | 51篇 |
2022年 | 233篇 |
2021年 | 355篇 |
2020年 | 164篇 |
2019年 | 169篇 |
2018年 | 162篇 |
2017年 | 165篇 |
2016年 | 160篇 |
2015年 | 171篇 |
2014年 | 199篇 |
2013年 | 326篇 |
2012年 | 277篇 |
2011年 | 352篇 |
2010年 | 269篇 |
2009年 | 254篇 |
2008年 | 260篇 |
2007年 | 241篇 |
2006年 | 174篇 |
2005年 | 133篇 |
2004年 | 150篇 |
2003年 | 126篇 |
2002年 | 105篇 |
2001年 | 48篇 |
2000年 | 60篇 |
1999年 | 61篇 |
1998年 | 83篇 |
1997年 | 52篇 |
1996年 | 60篇 |
1995年 | 44篇 |
1994年 | 39篇 |
1993年 | 41篇 |
1992年 | 22篇 |
1991年 | 12篇 |
1990年 | 22篇 |
1989年 | 22篇 |
1988年 | 27篇 |
1987年 | 25篇 |
1986年 | 19篇 |
1985年 | 15篇 |
1984年 | 8篇 |
1983年 | 10篇 |
1982年 | 16篇 |
1981年 | 12篇 |
1979年 | 11篇 |
1978年 | 8篇 |
1977年 | 4篇 |
1976年 | 6篇 |
1973年 | 4篇 |
1972年 | 4篇 |
排序方式: 共有5257条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
101.
Silvia G. Motti Manuel Kober-Czerny Marcello Righetto Philippe Holzhey Joel Smith Hans Kraus Henry J. Snaith Michael B. Johnston Laura M. Herz 《Advanced functional materials》2023,33(32):2300363
Metal halide perovskite (MHP) semiconductors have driven a revolution in optoelectronic technologies over the last decade, in particular for high-efficiency photovoltaic applications. Low-dimensional MHPs presenting electronic confinement have promising additional prospects in light emission and quantum technologies. However, the optimisation of such applications requires a comprehensive understanding of the nature of charge carriers and their transport mechanisms. This study employs a combination of ultrafast optical and terahertz spectroscopy to investigate phonon energies, charge-carrier mobilities, and exciton formation in 2D (PEA)2PbI4 and (BA)2PbI4 (where PEA is phenylethylammonium and BA is butylammonium). Temperature-dependent measurements of free charge-carrier mobilities reveal band transport in these strongly confined semiconductors, with surprisingly high in-plane mobilities. Enhanced charge-phonon coupling is shown to reduce charge-carrier mobilities in (BA)2PbI4 with respect to (PEA)2PbI4. Exciton and free charge-carrier dynamics are disentangled by simultaneous monitoring of transient absorption and THz photoconductivity. A sustained free charge-carrier population is observed, surpassing the Saha equation predictions even at low temperature. These findings provide new insights into the temperature-dependent interplay of exciton and free-carrier populations in 2D MHPs. Furthermore, such sustained free charge-carrier population and high mobilities demonstrate the potential of these semiconductors for applications such as solar cells, transistors, and electrically driven light sources. 相似文献
102.
Mean stand height is an important parameter for forest volume and biomass estimation in support of monitoring and management activities. Information on mean stand height is typically obtained through the manual interpretation of aerial photography, often supplemented by the collection of field calibration data. In remote areas where forest management practices may not be spatially exhaustive or where it is difficult to acquire aerial photography, alternate approaches for estimating stand height are required. One approach is to use very high spatial resolution (VHSR) satellite imagery (pixels sided less than 1 m) as a surrogate for air photos. In this research we demonstrate an approach for modelling mean stand height at four sites in the Yukon Territory, Canada, from QuickBird panchromatic imagery. An object-based approach was used to generate homogenous segments from the imagery (analogous to manually delineated forest stands) and an algorithm was used to automatically delineate individual tree crowns within the segments. A regression tree was used to predict mean stand height from stand-level metrics generated from the image grey-levels and within-stand objects relating individual tree crown characteristics. Heights were manually interpreted from the QuickBird imagery and divided into separate sets of calibration and validation data. The effects of calibration data set size and the input metrics used on the regression tree results were also assessed. The approach resulted in a model with a significant R2 of 0.53 and an RMSE of 2.84 m. In addition, 84.6% of the stand height estimates were within the acceptable error for photo interpreted heights, as specified by the forest inventory standards of British Columbia. Furthermore, residual errors from the model were smallest for the stands that had larger mean heights (i.e., > 20 m), which aids in reducing error in subsequent estimates of biomass or volume (since stands with larger trees contribute more to overall estimates of volume or biomass). Estimated and manually interpreted heights were reclassified into 5-metre height classes (a schema frequently used for forest analysis and modelling applications) and compared; classes corresponded in 54% of stands assessed, and all stands had an estimated height class that was within ± 1 class of their actual class. This study demonstrates the capacity of VHSR panchromatic imagery (in this case QuickBird) for generating useful estimates of mean stand heights in unmonitored, remote, or inaccessible forest areas. 相似文献
103.
Thomas Hilker Forrest G. Hall Nicholas C. Coops Yujie Wang Zoran Nesic T. Andrew Black Natascha Kljun Laura Chasmer 《Remote sensing of environment》2010,114(12):2863-3435
Eddy covariance (EC) measurements have greatly advanced our knowledge of carbon exchange in terrestrial ecosystems. However, appropriate techniques are required to upscale these spatially discrete findings globally. Satellite remote sensing provides unique opportunities in this respect, but remote sensing of the photosynthetic light-use efficiency (ε), one of the key components of Gross Primary Production, is challenging. Some progress has been made in recent years using the photochemical reflectance index, a narrow waveband index centered at 531 and 570 nm. The high sensitivity of this index to various extraneous effects such as canopy structure, and the view observer geometry has so far prevented its use at landscape and global scales. One critical aspect of upscaling PRI is the development of generic algorithms to account for structural differences in vegetation. Building on previous work, this study compares the differences in the PRI: ? relationship between a coastal Douglas-fir forest located on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, and a mature Aspen stand located in central Saskatchewan, Canada. Using continuous, tower-based observations acquired from an automated multi-angular spectro-radiometer (AMSPEC II) installed at each site, we demonstrate that PRI can be used to measure ? throughout the vegetation season at the DF-49 stand (r2 = 0.91, p < 0.00) as well as the deciduous site (r2 = 0.88, p < 0.00). It is further shown that this PRI signal can be also observed from space at both sites using daily observations from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectro-radiometer (MODIS) and a multi-angular implementation of atmospheric correction (MAIAC) (r2 = 0.54 DF-49; r2 = 0.63 SOA; p < 0.00). By implementing a simple hillshade model derived from airborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR) to approximate canopy shadow fractions (αs), it is further demonstrated that the differences observed in the relationship between PRI and ε at DF-49 and SOA can be attributed largely to differences in αs. The findings of this study suggest that algorithms used to separate physiological from extraneous effects in PRI reflectance may be more broadly applicable and portable across these two climatically and structurally different biome types, when the differences in canopy structure are known. 相似文献
104.
A non-intrusive estimation for high-quality Internet TV services 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Alberto?Fraga Laura?Pozueco Xabiel?Garcia Pa?edaEmail author Roberto?García David?Melendi Sergio?Cabrero 《Multimedia Tools and Applications》2011,54(3):569-588
This paper presents a non-intrusive estimator for Internet TV services based on streaming technology. Analyzing the video
packets received by the client application, the estimator is capable of selecting the most suitable encoding bitrate for the
available bandwidth in the end-to-end path. The estimator has been integrated in a real client/server architecture and evaluated
with different network traffic situations. The results of the performed evaluation have revealed the stability and adaptation
speed as the best qualities of our proposal. 相似文献
105.
Maxine M. Denniston Nancy D. Brener Laura Kann Danice K. Eaton Timothy McManus Tonja M. Kyle Alice M. Roberts Katherine H. Flint James G. Ross 《Computers in human behavior》2010
The Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS) monitors priority health-risk behaviors among US high school students. To better understand the ramifications of changing the YRBSS from paper-and-pencil to Web administration, in 2008 the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention conducted a study comparing these two modes of administration. Eighty-five schools in 15 states agreed to participate in the study. Within each participating school, four classrooms of students in grades 9 or 10 were randomly assigned to complete the Youth Risk Behavior Survey questionnaire in one of four conditions (in-class paper-and-pencil, in-class Web without programmed skip patterns, in-class Web with programmed skip patterns, and “on your own” Web without programmed skip patterns). Findings included less missing data for the paper-and-pencil condition (1.5% vs. 5.3%, 4.4%, 6.4%; p < .001), less perceived privacy and anonymity among respondents for the in-class Web conditions, and a lower response rate for the “on your own” Web condition than for in-class administration by either mode (28.0% vs. 91.2%, 90.1%, 91.4%; p < .001). Although Web administration might be useful for some surveys, these findings do not favor the use of a Web survey for the YRBSS. 相似文献
106.
Laura Hollink Véronique Malaisé Guus Schreiber 《Multimedia Tools and Applications》2010,49(1):235-257
It is common practice in audiovisual archives to disclose documents using metadata from a structured vocabulary or thesaurus.
Many of these thesauri have limited or no structure. The objective of this paper is to find out whether retrieval of audiovisual
resources from a collection indexed with an in-house thesaurus can be improved by enriching the thesaurus structure. We propose
a method to add structure to a thesaurus by anchoring it to an external, semantically richer thesaurus. We investigate the
added value of this enrichment for retrieval purposes. We first anchor the thesaurus to an external resource, WordNet. From
this anchoring we infer relations between pairs of terms in the thesaurus that were previously unrelated. We employ the enriched
thesaurus in a retrieval experiment on a TRECVID 2007 dataset. The results are promising: with simple techniques we are able
to enrich a thesaurus in such a way that it adds to retrieval performance. 相似文献
107.
Giacomo Bucci Laura Carnevali Lorenzo Ridi Enrico Vicario 《International Journal on Software Tools for Technology Transfer (STTT)》2010,12(5):391-403
Oris is a tool for qualitative verification and quantitative evaluation of reactive timed systems, which supports modeling
and analysis of various classes of timed extensions of Petri Nets. As most characterizing features, Oris implements symbolic
state space analysis of preemptive Time Petri Nets, which enable schedulability analysis of real-time systems running under
priority preemptive scheduling; and stochastic Time Petri Nets, which enable an integrated approach to qualitative verification
and quantitative evaluation. In this paper, we present the current version of the tool and we illustrate its application to
two different case studies in the areas of qualitative verification and quantitative evaluation, respectively. 相似文献
108.
Model-driven Engineering (MDE) has attained great importance in both the Software Engineering industry and the research community,
where it is now widely used to provide a suitable approach with which to improve productivity when developing software artefacts.
In this scenario, measurement models (software artefacts) have become a fundamental point in improvement of productivity,
where MDE and Software Measurement can reap mutual benefits. MDE principles and techniques can be used in software measurement
to build more automatic and generic solutions, and to achieve this, it is fundamental to be able to develop software measurement
models. To facilitate this task, a domain-specific language named “Software Measurement Modelling Language” (SMML) has been
developed. This paper tackles the question of whether the use of SMML can assist in the definition of software measurement
models. An empirical study was conducted, with the aim of verifying whether SMML makes it easier to construct measurement
models which are more usable and maintainable as regards textual notation. The results show that models which do not use the
language are more difficult—in terms of effort, correctness and efficiency—to understand and modify than those represented
with SMML. Additional feedback was also obtained, to verify the suitability of the graphical representation of each symbol
(element or relationship) of SMML. 相似文献
109.
José Luis Crespo Marta Zorrilla Pilar Bernardos Eduardo Mora 《The Visual computer》2009,25(4):309-323
The objective of this paper is to present an overall approach to forecasting the future position of the moving objects of
an image sequence after processing the images previous to it. The proposed method makes use of classical techniques such as
optical flow to extract objects’ trajectories and velocities, and autoregressive algorithms to build the predictive model.
Our method can be used in a variety of applications, where videos with stationary cameras are used, moving objects are not
deformed and change their position with time. One of these applications is traffic control, which is used in this paper as
a case study with different meteorological conditions to compare with.
相似文献
Marta Zorrilla (Corresponding author)Email: |
110.
Laura H. Ikuma Maury A. Nussbaum Kari L. Babski-Reeves 《International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics》2009,39(5):813-820
Responses to physical and psychosocial exposures can be measured using diverse methods, but their reliability, particularly under multiple exposures, is largely unknown. Five classes of methods were used to assess physiological and subjective responses among 24 participants to four combinations of physical and psychosocial exposures while performing two identical sessions of a simulated overhead manufacturing task. As an exploratory analysis, test–retest reliability was quantified using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and coefficients of variation (CV). Discomfort ratings were reliable under less favorable exposures, and ratings of the psychosocial environment were most reliable under favorable social support. Workload ratings were most reliable with high physical exposure and favorable social support, and task performance was reliable overall. EMG and heart rate had relatively low reliability. Slightly less than half of the variables were considered reliable, but reliability depended on exposure conditions.Relevance to industry: The study provides information on the reliability of commonly used exposure measurement methods. The results can guide the selection of physiological and psychological work outcome measurements in future studies and work evaluations. 相似文献