The role of strategic attention deployment in development of self-regulation: Predicting preschoolers' delay of gratification from mother–toddler interactions.

Toddlers' use of effective attention deployment strategies to cope with separation from the mother and with maternal behavior predicted the use of effective delay-of-gratification strategies at age 5, even though the contexts, measures, and manifest behaviors were different. Toddlers who used distraction strategies during a brief separation from the mother were able, at age 5, to delay immediate gratification longer for more valued rewards. Toddlers who explored at a distance from a controlling mother when she tried to engage the child also delayed longer and used more effective delay strategies at age 5, compared with toddlers who did not distance themselves. Toddlers whose mothers were not controlling showed the opposite pattern: Those who did not distance themselves from the mother's bids had longer preschool delay times and more effective strategies. Strategic attention deployment was shown to be an enduring self-regulatory skill visible in early development across domains, measures, and over time. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Spatial distribution of functionalities in an adsorptive reactor at the particle level

The concept of adsorptive reactors has attracted considerable attention as a hybrid process to enhance reaction selectivity and conversion for heterogeneously catalysed gas phase reactions. Transport resistances affect the performance of adsorptive reactors adversely and the integration of functionalities within the same particle circumvents this limitation. Instead of a simple uniform integration of functionalities within the particle, one can also non-uniformly distribute the functionalities over the particle to exploit the concentration profiles arising from transport limitations for process enhancement. A detailed numerical investigation has been carried out to identify the optimal distribution of catalyst and adsorbent functionalities at a particle and reactor level using Aspen Custom Modeler. Though process enhancements are possible by non-uniform distribution within particle, the benefits are marginal. Nevertheless, the integration of functionalities within a particle offers significant improvements in adsorptive process performance.     

Refining normal and genetically enhanced soybean oils obtained by various extraction methods

Four different extraction methods, extrusion-expelling, conventional flaking-solvent extraction, expander-solvent extraction, and screw pressing, were used to separate oil and meal of a commodity soybean. The quality and refining characteristics of oils obtained by these methods were evaluated, and the effects of extraction method on oil quality were determined. The screw-pressed oil was more oxidized and hydrolyzed than the oils from the other extraction methods. The extruded-expelled oil had oxidative status similar to the solvent-extracted oils, although it contained the lowest amount of tocopherols. Five genetically enhanced soybeans were also processed by extrusion-expelling and solvent extraction methods, and differences in refining of these oils were examined. Overall, extruded-expelled oils were significantly different from the solvent-extracted oils in that they contained less tocopherols and were more oxidized than the solvent-extracted oils during refining. The differences between oils from the two extraction methods were magnified owing to the inclusion in the experiment of oils with modified compositions. The more unsaturated oils underwent significantly more oxidative degradation during refining than did the more saturated ones.     

Emotional and personality changes following cingulotomy.

The effects of bilateral anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) lesions on emotional and personality functioning were studied. Patients undergoing cingulotomy for chronic intractable pain were assessed on the MMPI, the Profile of Mood States (POMS), cognitive tests, and pain ratings, pre- and postsurgically. Patients with intractable pain, not treated with cingulotomy, served as controls. Cingulotomy patients experienced reductions in POMS–Tension, POMS–Anger, and MMPI Scale 7 (Psychasthenia) compared with baseline and the controls. POMS–Tension was significantly correlated with attention–intention performance. The results indicate that the ACC modulates emotional experience, related to self-perceived tension, and that there is a relationship between the emotional and the attentional effects of cingulotomy. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Nonspecific, unintended, and serendipitous effects of psychotherapy.

It is important for psychologists to consider the social context in which therapy takes place, as it reveals a plethora of factors that can account for the effects of treatment. These factors are frequently neglected in theoretical formulations about therapeutic procedure and efficacy. They include expectations of change, effects of labeling oneself a patient, reactions of significant others, the regulating effects of the therapeutic structure, unspoken beliefs about the therapist, inadvertent role modeling, and the influence of nonprofessional members of the therapeutic milieu. Recognition of nonspecific effects can help psychologists more accurately understand their clients' progress. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

2,3-Hexanediols as Sex Attractants and a Female-produced Sex Pheromone for Cerambycid Beetles in the Prionine Genus Tragosoma

Recent work suggests that closely related cerambycid species often share pheromone components, or even produce pheromone blends of identical composition. However, little is known of the pheromones of species in the subfamily Prioninae. During field bioassays in California, males of three species in the prionine genus Tragosoma were attracted to 2,3-hexanediols, common components of male-produced aggregation pheromones of beetles in the subfamily Cerambycinae. We report here that the female-produced sex pheromone of Tragosoma depsarium “sp. nov. Laplante” is (2R,3R)-2,3-hexanediol, and provide evidence from field bioassays and electroantennography that the female-produced pheromone of both Tragosoma pilosicorne Casey and T. depsarium “harrisi” LeConte may be (2S,3R)-2,3-hexanediol. Sexual dimorphism in the sculpting of the prothorax suggests that the pheromone glands are located in the prothorax of females. This is the second sex attractant pheromone structure identified from the subfamily Prioninae, and our results provide further evidence of pheromonal parsimony within the Cerambycidae, in this case extending across both subfamily and gender lines.     

Preinternship preparation in psychological testing and psychotherapy: What internship directors say they expect.

What levels of preinternship training in testing and psychotherapy do internship directors expect students to have as they enter internship? This study addressed the question by surveying internship directors of all members of the Association of Postdoctoral and Internship Centers and asking them to specify the numbers of testing and psychotherapy experiences they believe an intern candidate should have prior to entering the internship. The results demonstrate similarities and differences in director expectations and have implications for preinternship students, graduate programs, and internships themselves. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Applying vocational interest models to naturally occurring occupational perceptions.

The authors examined the structure of naturally occurring occupational perceptions. They first assessed the stability of individuals' perceptions of 18 occupational titles, both across time and 2 samples. They then tested whether J. L. Holland's (1992) spatial model, D. J. Prediger's (1982) dimensional model, or I. Gati's (1979) classificatory model could be identified in the data. Findings are discussed in light of previous research and suggest the marked stability of the occupational perceptual structure as well as support for Gati's (1979) classificatory model. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)