Coefficient of performance (COP) analysis of geothermal district heating systems (GDHSs): Salihli GDHS case study

The purpose of this survey is about to analyze the heating coefficient of performance (COP) of geothermal district heating systems. Actual system data are taken from the Salihli GDHS, Turkey. The collected data are quantified and illustrated in tables, particularly for a reference temperature for comparison purposes. In this study, firstly energy and COP analysis of the GDHSs is introduced and then Salihli GDHS coefficient of performance results is given as a case study. Moreover, this paper offers an interesting empirical study of certain geothermal systems.     

Parametric Study of the Effect of Reference State on Energy and Exergy Efficiencies of Geothermal District Heating Systems (GDHSs): An Application of the Salihli GDHS in Turkey

A parametric study of the effect of reference state on the energy and exergy efficiencies of geothermal district heating systems is presented. In this regard, the work consists of two parts: a modeling study covering energy and exergy analysis and a case study covering the actual system data taken from the Salihli Geothermal District Heating System (SGDHS) in Manisa, Turkey. General energy and exergy analysis of the geothermal district heating systems is introduced along with some thermodynamic performance evaluation parameters. This analysis is then applied to the SGDHS using actual thermodynamic data for its performance evaluation in terms of energy and exergy efficiencies. In addition, a parametric study on the effect of varying dead state properties on the energy and exergy efficiencies of the system that has been conducted to find optimum performance and operating conditions is explained. Two parametric expressions of energy and exergy efficiencies were developed as a function of the reference temperature. Both energy and exergy flow diagrams illustrate and compare results under different conditions. It has been observed that the exergy destructions in the system particularly take place as the exergy of the fluid lost in the heat exchanger, the natural direct discharge of the system (pipeline losses), and the pumps, which account for 31.17%, 8.98%, and 4.27% of the total exergy input to the SGDHS, respectively. For the actual system that is presented, the system energy and exergy efficiencies vary between 0.53 and 0.73 and 0.58 and 0.59, respectively.     

Electropolymerization of a new 4‐(2,5‐Di‐2‐thiophen‐2‐yl‐pyrrol‐1‐yl)‐tetra substituted nickel phthalocyanine derivative

A new tetrakis 4‐(2,5‐di‐2‐thiophen‐2‐yl‐pyrrol‐1‐yl) substituted nickel phthalocyanine (NiPc‐SNS) was synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, Fourier Transform Infrared (FT‐IR), and UV–vis spectroscopies. The electrochemical polymerization of this newly synthesized NiPc‐SNS was performed in dichloromethane (DCM)/tetrabutylammonium perchlorate (TBAP) solvent/electrolyte couple. An insoluble film was deposited on the electrode surface, both during repetitive cycling and constant potential electrolysis at 0.85 V. Resulting polymer film, P(NiPc‐SNS), was characterized utilizing UV–vis and FT‐IR spectroscopic techniques and its electrochemical behavior was investigated via cyclic voltammetry (CV). Spectroelectrochemical behavior of the polymer film on indium tin oxide (ITO) working electrode was investigated by recording the electronic absorption spectra, in situ, in monomer‐free electrolytic solution at different potentials and it is found that the P(NiPc‐SNS) film can be reversibly cycled between 0.0 and 1.1 V and exhibits electrochromic behavior; dark olive green in the neutral and dark blue in the oxidized states with a switching time of 1.98 s. Furthermore, the band gap of P(NiPc‐SNS) was calculated as 2.27 eV from the onset of π–π* transition of the conjugated backbone. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011     

Early therapeutic alliance and treatment outcome in individual and family therapy for adolescent behavior problems.

The impact of early therapeutic alliance was examined in 100 clients receiving either individual cognitive- behavioral therapy (CBT) or family therapy for adolescent substance abuse. Observational ratings of adolescent alliance in CBT and adolescent and parent alliance in family therapy were used to predict treatment retention (in CBT only) and outcome (drug use, externalizing, and internalizing symptoms in both conditions) at post and 6-month follow-up. There were no alliance effects in CBT. In family therapy, stronger parent alliance predicted declines in drug use and externalizing. Adolescents with weak early alliances that subsequently improved by midtreatment showed significantly greater reductions in externalizing than adolescents whose alliances declined. Results underscore the need for ongoing developmental calibration of intervention theory and practice for adolescent clinical populations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Aqueous dye-sensitized solar cell based on new ruthenium diphenyl carbazide complexes

The major challenge of the operation of every solar cell based on dye including water splitting solar cell (WSSC) and dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC) is the using organic solvent medium which causes to decompose the solar cell structure, resulting environmental impact. Here, we synthesized and characterized two new ruthenium complexes with nitrogen and oxygen donor ligands for DSSC application which show good stability on TiO₂ surface in water solvent. Interestingly, the DSSC based on [Ru(dcbpy)₂(DPC)]Cl, where dcbpy = 4,4-dicarboxilic acid 2,2-bipyridin and DPC = diphenylcarbazide, was shown better efficiency in water than methanol dye loading as well as N3 as a benchmark sensitizer in the same condition. The DPC-based exhibited open circuit voltage (V_oc) of 0.63 V, short-circuit current density (J_sc) of 2.5 mA/cm² and fill factor (FF) of 70%, resulting an overall power efficiency of 1.12%. The incident-photon-to-current conversion efficiency (IPCE) value is also reached to 45% for [Ru(dcbpy)₂(DPC)]Cl in the same condition It is proposed that the ruthenium complex containing nitrogen and oxygen donor ligands is more stability on TiO₂ and prevent the decomposition of TiO₂ porous under water solvent condition.     

Concentrated O/W emulsions formulated by binary and ternary mixtures of sodium caseinate,xanthan and guar gums: rheological properties,microstructure, and stability

Food Science and Biotechnology - The effects of xanthan gum (XG) (0, 0.3, 0.6 wt%), guar gum (GG) (0, 0.3, 0.6 wt%) and XG:GG mixtures (0.3–0.3, 0.3–0.6, 0.6–0.3 and 0.6–0.6...     

Nanofibrous wound dressing material by electrospinning method

Abstract

Wound dressings are very useful materials for accelerating the wound healing process. In this study, nanofibrous wound dressings were produced from blending solution of Poly-lactic acid(PLA)/Chitosan(C)/Starch(S)/Zinc oxide(Z) by electrospinning method. Morphology, chemical interaction, mechanical, water uptake and weight loss tests were performed on each samples. Moreover, the biocompatibility of primary dermal fibroblast (ATCC, PCS-201-012) on prepared wound dressings was investigated with MTT assays in vitro, and the samples were found suitable for cell viability and proliferation. These results suggest that produced nanofibrous wound dressings can be promising candidate for wound dressing applications.     

家用牛仔纺织品设计

牛仔服装的流行始于美国加利福尼亚州,美国人Levi Strauss缝制了第一条牛仔裤,他本人是一位旧金山的巴伐利亚布匹商人.牛仔布一词源于意大利的热那亚,当时的热那亚还是一个独立的共和国,海军势力强大,由于海员的裤子需适用于各种环境,而牛仔裤刚好满足这一要求因此成为热那亚海军的供给.洗涤时,海员们将牛仔裤装在大网袋里拖在舰艇后面冲洗,海水将牛仔裤漂白成泛着白头的蓝色,而手感也变得更加柔软舒适.     

Exergetic performance assessment of solar photovoltaic cell (PV) assisted earth to air heat exchanger (EAHE) system for solar greenhouse cooling

An experimental system was developed and tested in order to investigate the exergetic performance of a solar photovoltaic system (PV) assisted earth-to-air heat exchanger (under ground air tunnel) that is used for greenhouse cooling at the Solar Energy Institute, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey. This system was under operational conditions successfully during the 2010 summer cooling season. This paper provides the experimental results obtained between 18th of August and 26th of August of in 2010. Exergy destruction in the system was calculated and presented in this paper using a reference temperature of 15 °C. Results are discussed and interpreted in the paper for various performance metrics, such as the effect of climatic conditions and operating conditions on the system performance. Results show that the system may be satisfactorily used for greenhouse cooling in the Mediterranean and Aegean regions of Turkey.     

Oleogel production based on binary and ternary mixtures of sodium caseinate,xanthan gum,and guar gum: Optimization of hydrocolloids concentration and drying method

We report the optimization of oleogel formulation based on sodium caseinate (CN, 0–4 g/100 g), xanthan gum (XG, 0–1 g/100 g), guar gum (GG, 0–1 g/100 g), and drying method (freeze and oven drier) using response surface methodology to achieve the desired oil binding capacity, textural, and rheological attributes. All the selected responses were successfully fitted by a quadratic model with determination coefficient values higher than .95 with the exception of firmness values which was fitted by linear model. There were considerable increases in all the responses for the samples containing ternary mixtures of protein-gum (CN:XG:GG) as well as binary mixtures (CN:GG and CN:XG) compared to samples containing protein or gums alone due to the synergistic effect of CN and gums on formation of highly ordered and strong gel network. Regression modeling demonstrated that freeze drying method led to significantly greater structure recovery values than those of oven drying method. The best formulation was the freeze dried oleogel containing 4 g/100 g CN, 0.43 g/100 g XG, and 0.98 g/100 g GG. Results showed that fabrication of oleogels with at least 94.5 g/100 g sunflower oil and characteristics similar to industrial shortening is feasible.