Structure and properties of bio-based polyurethane coatings for controlled-release fertilizer

Two kinds of bio-based polyurethane coatings for controlled-release urea were prepared by in-situ polymerization used castor oil and liquefied starch as raw materials, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the section morphology of castor oil based polyurethane (Castor-PU) coating was uniform and dense, and that of liquefied starch based polyurethane (Starch-PU) coating had certain proportion of microporous. Infrared spectroscopy (IR) showed that the two coatings had typical urethane characteristic structure, but the difference was that the Starch-PU had obvious unreacted isocyanate structure. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed that the glass transition temperature of the two coatings was around 58°C, but the Castor-PU had a crystallization domain with obvious crystallization melting peak at 130°C. Thermogravimetric analysis (TG) showed that the thermal stability of Castor-PU was significantly higher than that of Starch-PU. The controlled-release property test showed that when the coating ratio was 2.8%, the nutrient release longevity of urea coated with Castor-PU was 49 days and that of urea coated with Starch-PU was 14 days. The reasons for the poor controlled-release performance of Starch-PU were analyzed, which probably caused by concentrated sulfuric acid and hydrophilic dispersant added in the liquefied starch.     

Atomistic simulations of functionalization of aramid fiber-epoxy nanocomposite

Owing to its high degree of crystallinity and orientation, the surface of aramid fiber is smooth, causing its low bonding strength with polymer matrix. This has restricted the application of aramid fiber in reinforced polymer materials. Effective methods are by introducing functional groups through surface modification and by increasing its surface roughness thereby greatly improving its bonding strength with the polymer. In this work, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation study fiber functionalized with hydroxyl (OH), carboxyl (COOH), and the silane coupling agent as nanofillers for polymer nanocomposites. The interfacial characteristics and the mechanical behavior of polymer nanocomposites are investigated. The results show that the functionalization can enhance the interfacial shear stress and tensile strength. The functional group not only provides a stronger interface, but also provides additional mechanical interlocking effect, which effectively improves load-bearing transmission capacity. The analysis of the micro-mechanism from the energy level also provides new insights for the functionalized design of nanocomposites.     

Hierarchically porous N-doped carbon nanofibers derived from ZIF-8/PAN composites for benzene adsorption

Coupling with electrospinning technique, metal–organic-frameworks (MOFs)-derived porous carbon fibers exhibit a great potential application in the adsorption of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) because of their huge surface area, high porosity, as well as sufficient heteroatom-doped active sites. In this work, the hierarchically porous N-doped carbon nanofibers are obtained after the pyrolysis of zeolite imidazole framework-8 and polyacrylonitrile (ZIF-8/PAN) composite fibers synthesized by electrospinning method. The N-doped carbon nanofibers fabricated in N₂ atmosphere (N-CF-N₂) present an enhanced adsorption capacity of 694 mg/g for benzene because of the synergistic effect of the hierarchically porous structure and the abundant N-species-containing active sites. It is also interesting that the N-doped hierarchical carbon nanofibers fabricated in Ar atmosphere (N-CF-Ar) exhibit a low benzene adsorption as compared with the N-CF-N₂, which can be attributed to the porous structure damage caused by the bombardment of heavy Ar atoms on the pore shells during the pyrolysis. These results not only show a promising application of the as-fabricated N-CF-N₂ in adsorption of VOCs for air purification due to its merit of cost-efficient, large-scale production, and excellent adsorption capacity, but also expand the potential of electrospinning technology and composite fibers in volatile organic gas adsorption.     

Antibacterial self-healing anticorrosion coatings from single capsule system

It is highly desirable to develop self-healing anticorrosion coatings with enhanced antibacterial function to prevent the scratched area to be fouled or corroded in harsh environments. Herein, we report antibacterial self-healing anticorrosion coatings via the simple incorporation of the easily synthesized single polymer microcapsule system. Well-defined polymer microcapsules containing isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) as a healing agent and 4,5-dichloro-2-n-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (DCOIT) as antibacterial molecules were synthesized by one-pot polymerization. The diameter and core fraction were around 30 μm and 90%, respectively. The active DCOIT content in the core material could be precisely controlled by adjusting the DCOIT/IPDI feeding ratio. The DCOIT/IPDI microcapsules-embedded protective coating exhibits an adaptive self-healing anticorrosion property, as shown by electrochemical test under the condition of the salt-water immersion. Furthermore, the self-healing coating showed efficient antibacterial function against Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which is due to the released active biocide molecules on the damaged surfaces. In contrast to other systems, this single capsule system without any catalyst is perspective for extending the service time of the antibacterial self-healing materials in harsh environment.     

Engineering all-aromatic polyamide surface from hydrophilic to superhydrophobic and the accelerated strategy

Being a new kind of nanomaterials, aromatic polyamide nanofibers (ANF) have been much highlighted in recent studies. We here demonstrate an isopropyl alcohol (IPA) accelerated chemical cleavage on poly (p-phenylene terephthalamide) chopped fibers, which provides an efficient preparation method of ANF. The comprehensive study on the processes accelerated by different alcohols revealed that the preparation time of ANF in the mixed medium of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)-alcohol (20:1 in volume) was shorten to 45 min and 75 min for methanol (ethanol) and isopropanol, respectively. However, the nanofibers prepared in DMSO-IPA exhibited the minimum in axial and radial dimensions, providing the finest and most uniform diameter of 16 nm. The corresponding ANF films through vacuum assisted filtration also showed the highest tensile strength of 150 MPa, in comparison with those of the ANF films prepared using other alcohols, which were about 110 MPa. Furthermore, ANF/silicon hybrid films were prepared by the ionic ring-opening reaction followed by the alkoxysilane condensation and nanoparticle fabrication. By changing the organo functional groups in the alkoxysilane, the surface of the films were adjustable in a wide contact angle range from 56° (hydrophilic) to 150° (superhydrophobic), suggesting the amendable interfacial properties potential applicable to composite fabrication with most of the resin matrix.     

高级氧化技术降解抗生素及去除耐药性的研究进展

近年来由于抗生素滥用而导致的水污染日益严重,抗生素残留及耐药性已成为当今社会面临的最严峻挑战之一。高级氧化工艺以其快速的反应速率和良好的处理效果,越来越多地被用于治理含抗生素的废水。本文首先阐述了抗生素的污染现状;其后根据起主导作用的自由基种类,分类对比了传统高级氧化和过硫酸盐高级氧化处理抗生素及耐药性的特征,深入分析了过硫酸盐高级氧化的反应机理,重点介绍了热活化、紫外活化、零价铁及其改性活化和电活化等不同活化过硫酸盐的方式,并研究总结了这些技术用于处理抗生素及其耐药性的降解效果和进展;综合分析了目前高级氧化降解抗生素及去除耐药性的环境影响因素和存在的问题;最后对高级氧化的未来发展进行了展望。     

基于改进深度残差收缩网络的电力系统暂态稳定评估

针对电力系统暂态稳定评估中,电力系统同步相量测量装置(PMU)量测数据在采集和传输过程可能存在噪声问题,以及由于暂态稳定与失稳样本不平衡,导致基于数据驱动的暂态稳定评估模型训练的倾向性和误判后果严重问题,提出基于改进深度残差收缩网络(IDRSN)的电力系统暂态稳定评估方法.首先将底层量测电气量构建成特征图形式作为模型输入,利用模型深层结构建立输入与稳定结果之间的映射关系.面对噪声问题,模型通过注意力机制,采用软阈值函数自动学习噪声阈值,减小噪声及无关特征干扰;并通过焦点损失函数(FL),引入权重系数修正模型训练的倾向性,利用调制因子重点关注误分类样本,提高模型训练效率和评估性能.通过新英格兰10机39节点系统进行仿真分析,所提模型能够有效减小不同程度的噪声干扰,在不平衡数据集上修正模型训练偏向性,以减少误分类样本,在不同PMU配置方案下,均取得较好评估效果.     

分段长初级双边直线感应电动机建模分析

分段长初级双边直线感应电动机(LP-DSLIM)系统由若干段单元电机串联或并联组成,为准确描述次级运动过程中单元电机的推力等状态变化和过分段时的暂态过程,该文提出了一种新型单元电机数学模型及分段LP-DSLIM系统模型.首先,对分段LP-DSLIM系统的特点进行分析,通过引入虚拟次级板将每段单元电机耦合的次级延长至与初级等长,以使单元电机初级、次级之间始终保持全耦合;然后,结合耦合因数得到实际次级磁链和初级磁链,以此推导得到新型单元电机数学模型,并基于此建立串联供电和并联供电的分段LP-DSLIM系统模型;最后,有限元计算和实验结果验证了提出的新型单元电机数学模型和分段LP-DSLIM系统模型的正确性.     

光储微网系统多目标协调控制策略

基于光伏储能+电采暖的光储微网系统可以有效解决西部农村社区清洁能源供应量不足问题.为了提高光储微网系统的能量控制效果和工程实用性能,该文通过构建包含电力费用、储能系统荷电状态(SOC)、供暖舒适度等变量的多目标函数,提出一种计算量较低的储能与电热负荷多目标协调控制策略.为了简化目标函数求解过程,引入求导和单调性分析等优化方法.为了降低系统计算量,以住宅建筑保温性能为评价标准,提出一种带宽能量控制模式,降低了被控单元的控制频率,提高了算法的工程应用价值.搭建Matlab/Simulink仿真平台,依据西部青海省某示范光储微网系统实际数据,仿真对比分析基于传统能量控制策略和基于多目标协调控制策略的光储微网系统性能,验证该文所提控制策略的有效性和优越性.     

含电动汽车充电的配电网运行可靠性评估算法

现有方法难以对不同充电状态下的配电网运行状态进行准确评估,为此设计含电动汽车充电的配电网运行可靠性评估算法.通过计算配电网运行情况与配电网元件使用状态,实现配电网运行可靠性评估指标的选取.同时,设定充电周期,计算电动汽车充电功率,并将此作为评估参考因素之一.采用模拟法构建评估模型,将运行可靠性评估指标与电动汽车充电功率融入此模型中,实现对含电动汽车充电的配电网运行可靠性的评估.算例测试结果表明,在慢充和快充状态下的评估计算响应时间明显低于现有方法,并且评估结果的准确性较高.算法更适用于电动汽车配电网运行状态的评估.