Degradability and biocompatibility of bioglass/poly(amino acid) composites with different surface bioactivity as bone repair materials

Bioglass (BG) possesses excellent bioactivity and has been widely used in the manufacture of biomaterials. In this study, a composite with different surface bioactivity was fabricated via in situ melting polymerization by incorporating BG and poly(amino acid) (PAA) at a suitable ratio. The structure of the composite was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and XRD. The compressive strength of the BG/PAA composites was 139 MPa (BG:PAA = 30:70). The BG/PAA composites were degradable, and higher BG in composite showed higher weight loss after 4 weeks of incubation in simulated body fluid. In addition, the BG/PAA composite maintained adequate residual compressive strength during the degradation period. The SEM results showed the differences in surface bioactivities of the composites directly, and 30BG/PAA composite showed thicker apatite layer and higher Ca/p than 15BG/PAA. in vitro MG-63 cell culture experiments showed that the composite was noncytotoxic and thus allows cells to adhere, proliferate, and differentiate. This indicates that the composite has good biocompatibility. The implantations in the bone defects of rabbits for 4 and 12 weeks were studied. The composites had good biocompatibility and were capable of guiding new bone formation without causing any inflammation. The composite may be successfully used in the development of bone implants.     

Preparation of treelike and rodlike carboxymethylated nanocellulose and their effect on carboxymethyl cellulose films

In this work, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) with low substitution degree, followed by different posttreatments, was applied to prepare treelike CMC nanofibrils (CMCNFs) and rodlike CMC nanocrystals (CMCNCs), and their performance in CMC composite film was evaluated simultaneously. From transmission electron microscopy results, it was found that the treelike CMCNCFs exhibited a lager aspect ratio compared to the rodlike CMCNCs. As for reinforcing CMC film, 4 wt% was the best adding amount, at this time, the tensile strength of CMC/CMCNFs and CMC/CMCNCs composite films was increased by 72.1% and 47.3%, respectively. Moreover, adding these nanofillers to CMC also could enhance the thermal stability of composite films slightly, while the transmittance of composite films was reduced at the same time. In addition, CMC/CMCNFs film was designed as a packaging box to determine its performance. Therefore, this study could reveal the differences of properties for composites with different types of nanocellulose and provide a foundation for further application of nanocellulose.     

Removal behavior and mechanism of silver from low concentration wastewater using cellulose aerogel modified by thiosemicarbazide

Due to the low concentration of silver in water, most of the cellulose adsorbents exhibited low removal efficiency, which greatly limited their practical applications. Herein, a cellulose aerogel modified by thiosemicarbamide (CAT) was fabricated for reducing and adsorbing silver ions from low concentration wastewater. The characterization results concluded that CAT owned a three-dimensional spongy structure with many circular microspheres and a better specific surface area (19.37 m² g⁻¹), as well as the functional groups of ─C═N⁺─H and ─(C═S)─N. The static batch adsorption experiments demonstrated that CAT could reached the maximum removal percentage of 94.94% and adsorption capacity of 42.12 mg g⁻¹ under the initial concentration of Ag(I) was 15 mg L⁻¹ and the pH value was 7. Meanwhile, the adsorption of Ag(I) on CAT was second-order reaction, and the Langmuir model could better fit the adsorption process. In addition, CAT exhibited wide pH values (1–9) adaptability and excellent adsorption performance for silver through electrostatic interaction, chelation, and reduction. This study probably provides a new method as well as important experimental data and theoretical reference for the removal of silver ions and other metals.     

Engineering all-aromatic polyamide surface from hydrophilic to superhydrophobic and the accelerated strategy

Being a new kind of nanomaterials, aromatic polyamide nanofibers (ANF) have been much highlighted in recent studies. We here demonstrate an isopropyl alcohol (IPA) accelerated chemical cleavage on poly (p-phenylene terephthalamide) chopped fibers, which provides an efficient preparation method of ANF. The comprehensive study on the processes accelerated by different alcohols revealed that the preparation time of ANF in the mixed medium of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)-alcohol (20:1 in volume) was shorten to 45 min and 75 min for methanol (ethanol) and isopropanol, respectively. However, the nanofibers prepared in DMSO-IPA exhibited the minimum in axial and radial dimensions, providing the finest and most uniform diameter of 16 nm. The corresponding ANF films through vacuum assisted filtration also showed the highest tensile strength of 150 MPa, in comparison with those of the ANF films prepared using other alcohols, which were about 110 MPa. Furthermore, ANF/silicon hybrid films were prepared by the ionic ring-opening reaction followed by the alkoxysilane condensation and nanoparticle fabrication. By changing the organo functional groups in the alkoxysilane, the surface of the films were adjustable in a wide contact angle range from 56° (hydrophilic) to 150° (superhydrophobic), suggesting the amendable interfacial properties potential applicable to composite fabrication with most of the resin matrix.     

Ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene with improved crosslink density,oxidation stability,and microbial inhibition by chemical crosslinking and tea polyphenols for total joint replacements

Highly crosslinked ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) stabilized by vitamin E (VE) is widely applied in artificial joints as the bearings. Despite the approval, there is a discord that VE lowers the crosslinking efficiency, limiting its use at high concentration. In this work, we aim to obtain highly crosslinked and oxidation resistant UHMWPE through the conjunction of tea polyphenol and chemical crosslinking. We hypothesized that highly incorporated tea polyphenol with multiple reactive sites can ameliorate crosslinking efficiency of chemical crosslinked UHMWPE in comparison to VE. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) as representative tea polyphenol was incorporated into UHMWPE at high concentration (2–8 wt%), followed by chemical crosslinking with 2 wt% organic peroxide. Unlike VE/UHMWPE blends as the control, chemical crosslinking achieved an increasing trend in crosslink density of EGCG/UHMWPE blends with increasing antioxidant concentration. High concentration of EGCG also enhanced the oxidation stability of UHMWPE. Intriguingly, EGCG endowed UHMWPE with an excellent antimicrobial property, which was inefficient in VE/UHMWPE. Cell viability was hardly affected by the high loaded antioxidant and peroxide. The chemically crosslinked UHMWPE blended with EGCG is proved to be a reasonable, cost effective and realistic alternative for use in artificial joints.     

Tough and self-healing hydrophobic association hydrogels with cationic surfactant

Hydrophobic association (HA) hydrogels with outstanding mechanical, rheological and recovery properties were successfully synthesized by micellar copolymerization of acrylamide with lauryl methacrylate. The synthesis occurred at room temperature and the synthesis condition was moderate by using the redox initiator system of Ammonium persulfate - sodium bisulfite as initiators. Cationic surfactant (dodecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide) was utilized to form micelles with hydrophobe, served as physical cross-linking points in the 3D networks of hydrogels. The HA hydrogels showed a high tensile strength of 181 kPa, superior stretchability of 2300% and excellent toughness of 2.16 MJ m⁻³. Moreover, they owned extraordinary self-recovery under different conditions. It is hopeful that the hydrogels with superior mechanical strength and self-healing properties would be applied to the fields of biomedicine and engineering. Meanwhile, based on above materials, HA hydrogels could also be synthesized with the combination of hydrophobic association and other synergistic effects, such as latex particles, electrostatic effect and nanoparticles.     

区块链在分布式电力交易中的研究领域及现状分析

国家发改委、能源局陆续指出:要全面放开经营性电联用户发电计划,支持中小用户参与市场化交易,健全全面放开经营性发电计划后的价格形成机制。行政引导市场,市场发展技术,基于区块链技术的电力交易研究迎来了前所未有的行政和市场机遇。区块链以分布、公开、不可篡的区域共治模式,为社会和市场提出了一套全新的商业解决方案。该文依托区块链技术,探讨了基于分布式交易的电力交易市场、产消者以及相关服务产业的需求和行业现状,分析了区块链电力交易的发展趋势;归纳了电力交易领域区块链追求创新实验的主要方向,研究了电力交易区块链的总体架构设计创新、电力交易场景应用创新和区块链性能提升研究创新等内容;最后通过文献综述和百余个区块链电力交易系统实施案例,梳理了区块链技术在电力交易行业面临的挑战与应用前景。以期通过该文综述对分布式电力交易领域的未来研究有一定贡献。     

少量添加稀土元素Nd和Er对挤压态Mg-6.0Zn-0.5Mn镁合金干摩擦磨损性能的影响

利用扫描电子显微镜、能谱仪、透射电镜、硬度计、3D轮廓仪和UMT-3型摩擦磨损试验机研究了复合添加微量Nd和Er元素对Mg-6.0Zn-0.5Mn干摩擦磨损性能的影响。结果表明，添加微量Nd和Er元素后，晶界处种类和数量更多的金属间化合物会阻碍晶界的迁移和滑移，基体中动态析出的β_1^"相密度增大且平均长度减小，更多的动态析出相以及弥散分布的金属间化合物提高了使基体的硬度，降低了磨损量。Mg-6.0Zn-0.5Mn合金在5N低载荷下的磨损机制以磨粒磨损为主，并伴有氧化磨损；当载荷增大至20N，磨粒磨损明显减弱，氧化磨损程度增大。复合添加微量Nd和Er后，Mg-6.0Zn-0.5Mn-0.6Nd-0.3Er合金在低载荷下（5N）的磨损机制以磨粒磨损为主，伴有氧化磨损和黏附磨损；由于耐磨性提高，当载荷增大至20N，磨损机制仍以磨粒磨损为主，黏附磨损程度有所减弱，并伴有氧化磨损。     

ZAlSi12Cu2Mg1微弧氧化陶瓷膜层形成过程研究

通过控制微弧氧化时间,研究了ZAlSi12Cu2Mg1在不同氧化时间下膜层的生长过程,分析了氧化过程中正向电流密度、膜层厚度的变化.结果表明微弧氧化阶段又分为氧化过渡阶段和氧化烧结阶段.氧化过渡阶段陶瓷层以向外生长为主;生成Al2O3非晶氧化物;氧化烧结阶段膜层以向内生长为主,此阶段膜层生长速率最快,生成Al2O3晶体和莫来石.氧化烧结阶段对陶瓷膜层的形成起重要作用,对氧化烧结阶段的控制可直接影响膜层的厚度以及膜层中Al2O3晶体含量.     

压射冲头与压室间的摩擦特性

利用专用模拟装置，研究了载荷、温度及润滑剂等因素对压射冲头与压室间摩擦力的影响，并根据试验结果及摩擦学原理，对实际压射过程的摩擦特性进行了探讨